大学英语六级阅读真题.docx

1、大学英语六级阅读真题2015年12月大学英语六级阅读真题&答案As it is, sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become a badge o? Plus, we live in a culture that 36 to the late nighter, from 24-hourgrocery store to ? shopping site that never close. Its no surprise, then, that more than half of American adults g

2、et the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night as 37 by sleep experts.Whether or not we can catch up on sleep on the weekend, say- is a hotly 38 among sleep researchers. The latest evidence suggests that while it isnt 39 , it might ? when Liu, the UCLA sleep researcher and professor of medicine, brough

3、t 40 sleep-rest people into the lab for a weekend of sleep during which they lagged about 10 hours per night. ? showed 41 in the ability of insulin(胰岛素) to process blood sugar. That suggests ? up sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that sleep 42 causes, which is encouraging ? given how man

4、y adults dont get the hours they need each night. Still, Liu isnt 43 to end the habit of sleeping less and making up for it later.Sleeping pills, while helpful for some, are not 44 an effective remedy either. “A sleeping pill will 45 one area of the brain, but theres never going to be a perfect slee

5、ping pill, because you couldnt really replicate （复制）the different chemicals moving in and out of different parts ? the brain to go through the different stages of sleep,” says Dr. Nancy Collop, director of the Em? University Sleep Center.A) alternatively I) negotiatedB) caters J) pierceC) chronicall

6、y K) presumptionD) debated L) readyE) deprivation M) recommendedF) ideal N) surpassesG) improvements O) targetH) necessarily答案：BMDFO GELHJClimate change may be real, but its still not easy being greenHow do we convince our inner caveman to be greener?We ask some outstanding social scientists.A)The r

7、oad to climate hell is paved with our good intentions. Politicians may tackle polluters while scientists do battle with carbon emissions. But the most pervasive problem is less obvious: our own behaviour. We get distracted before we can turn down the heating. We break our promise not to fly after he

8、aring about a neighbors rip to India. Ultimately, we cant be bothered to change our attitude. Fortunately for the planet, social science and behavioral economics may be able to do that for us.B)Despite mournful polar bears and carts showing carbon emissions soaring, mot people find it hard to believ

9、e that global warming will affect them personally. Recent polls by the Pew Research Centre in Washington, DC, found that 75-80 per cent of participants regarded climate change as an important issue. But respondents ranked it last on a list of priorities.C)This inconsistency largely stems from a feel

10、ing of powerlessness. “When we cant actually remove the source of our fear, we tend to adapt psychologically by adopting a range of defense mechanisms,” says Tom Crompton, change strategist for the environmental organization World Wide Fund for Nature.D)Part of the fault lies with our inner caveman.

11、 Evolution has programmed humans to pay most attention to issues that will have an immediate impact. “We worry most about now because if we dont survive for the next minute, were not going to be around in ten years time,” says Professor Elke Weber of the Centre for Research on Environmental Decision

12、s at Columbia University in New York. If the Thames were lapping around Big Ben, Londoners would face up to the problem of emissions pretty quickly. But in practice, our brain discounts the risksand benefitsassociated with issues that lie some way ahead.E)Matthew Rushworth, of the Department of Expe

13、rimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, sees this in his lab every day. “One of the ways in which all agents seem to make decisions is that they assign a lower weighting to outcomes that are going to be further away in the future,” he says. “This is a very sensible way for an animal to make

14、 decisions in the wild and would have been very helpful for humans for thousands of years.”F)Not any longer. By the time we wake up to the threat posed by climate change, it could well be too late. And if were not going to make national decisions about the future, others may have to help us to do so

15、.G)Few political libraries are without a copy of Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness, by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein. They argue that governments should persuade us into making better decisionssuch as saving more in our pension plansby changing the default options. Pro

16、fessor Weber believes that environmental policy can make use of similar tactics. If, for example, building codes included green construction guidelines, most developers would be too lazy to challenge them.H)Defaults are certainly part of the solution. But social scientists are most concerned about c

17、rafting messages that exploit our group mentality(心态). ”We need to understand what motivates people, what it is that allows them to make change,” says Professor Neil Adger, of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research in Norwich. ”It is actually about what their peers think of them, what their

18、social norms are, what is seen as desirable in society.” In other words, our inner caveman is continually looking over his shoulder to see what the rest of the tribe are up to.I)The passive attitude we have to climate change as individuals can be altered by counting us inand measuring us againstour

19、peer group. “Social norms are primitive and elemental,” says Dr. Robert Cialdini, author of Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. “Birds flock together, fish school together, cattle herd together just perceiving norms is enough to cause people to adjust their behavior in the direction of the crow

20、d.”J)These norms can take us beyond good intentions. Cialdini conducted a study in San Diego in which coat hangers bearing messages about saving energy were hung on peoples doors. Some of the messages mentioned the environment, some financial savings, others social responsibility. But it was the one

21、 that mentioned the actions of neighbours that drove down power use.K)Other studies show that simply providing the facility for people to compare their energy use with the local average is enough to cause them to modify their behaviour. The Conservatives plan to adopt this strategy by making utility

22、 companies print the average local electricity and gas usage on peoples bills.L)Social science can also teach politicians how to avoid our collective capacity for self-destructive behaviour. Environmental campaigns that tell us how many people drive SUVs unwittingly (不经意地) imply that this behaviour

23、is widespread and thus permissible. Cialdini recommends some careful framing of the message. “Instead of normalising the undesirable behaviour, the message needs to marginalise it, for example, by stating that if even one person buys yet another SUV, it reduces our ability to be energy-independent.”

24、M)Tapping into how we already see ourselves is crucial. The most successful environmental strategy will marry the green message to our own sense of identity. Take your average trade union member, chances are they will be politically motivated and be used to collective actionmuch like Erica Gregory.

25、A retired member of the Public and Commercial Services Union, she is setting up one of 1,100 action groups with the support of Climate Solidarity, a two-year environmental campaign aimed at trade unionists.N)Erica is proof that a great-grandmother can help to lead the revolution if your get the psyc

26、hology rightin this case, by matching her enthusiasm for the environment with a fondness for organising groups. “I think there must be something in it.” She is expecting up to 20 people at the first meeting she has called, at her local pub in the Cornish village of Polperro.O)Nick Perks, project dir

27、ector for Climate Solidarity, believes this sort of activity is where the future of environmental action lies. “Using existing civil society structures or networks is a more effective way of creating change and obviously trade unions are one of the biggest civil society networks in the UK,” he says.

28、 The “Love Food, Haste Waste” campaign entered into a collaboration last year with another such networkthe Womens Institute. Londoner Rachel Talor joined the campaign with the aim of making new friends. A year on, the meetings have made lasting changes to what she throws away in her kitchen. “Its al

29、ways more of an incentive if youre doing it with other people,” she says. “It motivates you more if you know that youve got to provide feedback to a group.”P) The power of such simple psychology in fighting climate change is attracting attention across the political establishment. In the US, the Hou

30、se of Representatives Science Committee has approved a bill allocating $10 million a year to studying energy-related behaviour. In the UK, new studies are in development and social scientists are regularly spotted in British government offices. With the help of psychologists, there is fresh hope tha

31、t we might go green after all.46. When people find they are powerless to change a situation, they tend to live with it.47. To be effective, environmental messages should be carefully framed.48. It is the governments responsibility to persuade people into making environment-friendly decisions.49. Pol

32、iticians are beginning to realize the importance of enlisting psychologists help in fighting climate change.50. To find effective solutions to climate change, it is necessary to understand what motivates people to make change.51. In their evolution, humans have learned to pay attention to the most urgent issues instead of long-term concerns.52. One study shows that our neighbors actions are influential unchanging our behavior.53. Despite clear signs of global warming, it is not easy for most people to believe climate change will affect their own lives.54.We would take our fu