大学英语六级阅读真题.docx

大学英语六级阅读真题.docx

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大学英语六级阅读真题

2015年12月大学英语六级阅读真题&答案

Asitis,sleepissoundervaluedthatgettingbyonfewerhourshasbecomeabadgeo?

Plus,weliveinaculturethat36tothelate–nighter,from24-hourgrocerystoreto?

shoppingsitethatneverclose.It’snosurprise,then,thatmorethanhalfofAmericanadultsgetthe7to9hoursofshut-eyeeverynightas37bysleepexperts.

Whetherornotwecancatchuponsleep–ontheweekend,say-isahotly38amongsleepresearchers.Thelatestevidencesuggeststhatwhileitisn’t39,itmight?

whenLiu,theUCLAsleepresearcherandprofessorofmedicine,brought40sleep-restpeopleintothelabforaweekendofsleepduringwhichtheylaggedabout10hourspernight.?

showed41intheabilityofinsulin（胰岛素）toprocessbloodsugar.Thatsuggests?

upsleepmayundosomebutnotallofthedamagethatsleep42causes,whichisencouraging?

givenhowmanyadultsdon’tgetthehourstheyneedeachnight.Still,Liuisn’t43toendthehabitofsleepinglessandmakingupforitlater.

Sleepingpills,whilehelpfulforsome,arenot44aneffectiveremedyeither.“Asleepingpillwill45oneareaofthebrain,butthere’snevergoingtobeaperfectsleepingpill,becauseyoucouldn’treallyreplicate（复制）thedifferentchemicalsmovinginandoutofdifferentparts?

thebraintogothroughthedifferentstagesofsleep,”saysDr.NancyCollop,directoroftheEm?

UniversitySleepCenter.

A）alternativelyI）negotiated

B）catersJ）pierce

C）chronicallyK）presumption

D）debatedL）ready

E）deprivationM）recommended

F）idealN）surpasses

G）improvementsO）target

H）necessarily

答案：

BMDFOGELHJ

Climatechangemaybereal,butit’sstillnoteasybeinggreen

Howdoweconvinceourinnercavemantobegreener?

Weasksomeoutstandingsocialscientists.

A）Theroadtoclimatehellispavedwithourgoodintentions.Politiciansmaytacklepolluterswhilescientistsdobattlewithcarbonemissions.Butthemostpervasiveproblemislessobvious:

ourownbehaviour.Wegetdistractedbeforewecanturndowntheheating.Webreakourpromisenottoflyafterhearingaboutaneighbor’sriptoIndia.Ultimately,wecan’tbebotheredtochangeourattitude.Fortunatelyfortheplanet,socialscienceandbehavioraleconomicsmaybeabletodothatforus.

B）Despitemournfulpolarbearsandcartsshowingcarbonemissionssoaring,motpeoplefindithardtobelievethatglobalwarmingwillaffectthempersonally.RecentpollsbythePewResearchCentreinWashington,DC,foundthat75-80percentofparticipantsregardedclimatechangeasanimportantissue.Butrespondentsrankeditlastonalistofpriorities.

C）Thisinconsistencylargelystemsfromafeelingofpowerlessness.“Whenwecan’tactuallyremovethesourceofourfear,wetendtoadaptpsychologicallybyadoptingarangeofdefensemechanisms,”saysTomCrompton,changestrategistfortheenvironmentalorganizationWorldWideFundforNature.

D）Partofthefaultlieswithourinnercaveman.Evolutionhasprogrammedhumanstopaymostattentiontoissuesthatwillhaveanimmediateimpact.“Weworrymostaboutnowbecauseifwedon’tsurviveforthenextminute,we’renotgoingtobearoundintenyears’time,”saysProfessorElkeWeberoftheCentreforResearchonEnvironmentalDecisionsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.IftheThameswerelappingaroundBigBen,Londonerswouldfaceuptotheproblemofemissionsprettyquickly.Butinpractice,ourbraindiscountstherisks—andbenefits—associatedwithissuesthatliesomewayahead.

E）MatthewRushworth,oftheDepartmentofExperimentalPsychologyattheUniversityofOxford,seesthisinhislabeveryday.“Oneofthewaysinwhichallagentsseemtomakedecisionsisthattheyassignalowerweightingtooutcomesthataregoingtobefurtherawayinthefuture,”hesays.“Thisisaverysensiblewayforananimaltomakedecisionsinthewildandwouldhavebeenveryhelpfulforhumansforthousandsofyears.”

F）Notanylonger.Bythetimewewakeuptothethreatposedbyclimatechange,itcouldwellbetoolate.Andifwe’renotgoingtomakenationaldecisionsaboutthefuture,othersmayhavetohelpustodoso.

G）FewpoliticallibrariesarewithoutacopyofNudge:

ImprovingDecisionsAboutHealth,WealthandHappiness,byRichardThalerandCassSunstein.Theyarguethatgovernmentsshouldpersuadeusintomakingbetterdecisions—suchassavingmoreinourpensionplans—bychangingthedefaultoptions.ProfessorWeberbelievesthatenvironmentalpolicycanmakeuseofsimilartactics.If,forexample,buildingcodesincludedgreenconstructionguidelines,mostdeveloperswouldbetoolazytochallengethem.

H）Defaultsarecertainlypartofthesolution.Butsocialscientistsaremostconcernedaboutcraftingmessagesthatexploitourgroupmentality（心态）.”Weneedtounderstandwhatmotivatespeople,whatitisthatallowsthemtomakechange,”saysProfessorNeilAdger,oftheTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearchinNorwich.”Itisactuallyaboutwhattheirpeersthinkofthem,whattheirsocialnormsare,whatisseenasdesirableinsociety.”Inotherwords,ourinnercavemaniscontinuallylookingoverhisshouldertoseewhattherestofthetribeareupto.

I）Thepassiveattitudewehavetoclimatechangeasindividualscanbealteredbycountingusin—andmeasuringusagainst—ourpeergroup.“Socialnormsareprimitiveandelemental,”saysDr.RobertCialdini,authorofInfluence:

ThePsychologyofPersuasion.“Birdsflocktogether,fishschooltogether,cattleherdtogether…justperceivingnormsisenoughtocausepeopletoadjusttheirbehaviorinthedirectionofthecrowd.”

J）Thesenormscantakeusbeyondgoodintentions.CialdiniconductedastudyinSanDiegoinwhichcoathangersbearingmessagesaboutsavingenergywerehungonpeople’sdoors.Someofthemessagesmentionedtheenvironment,somefinancialsavings,otherssocialresponsibility.Butitwastheonethatmentionedtheactionsofneighboursthatdrovedownpoweruse.

K）Otherstudiesshowthatsimplyprovidingthefacilityforpeopletocomparetheirenergyusewiththelocalaverageisenoughtocausethemtomodifytheirbehaviour.TheConservativesplantoadoptthisstrategybymakingutilitycompaniesprinttheaveragelocalelectricityandgasusageonpeople’sbills.

L）Socialsciencecanalsoteachpoliticianshowtoavoidourcollectivecapacityforself-destructivebehaviour.EnvironmentalcampaignsthattellushowmanypeopledriveSUVsunwittingly（不经意地）implythatthisbehaviouriswidespreadandthuspermissible.Cialdinirecommendssomecarefulframingofthemessage.“Insteadofnormalisingtheundesirablebehaviour,themessageneedstomarginaliseit,forexample,bystatingthatifevenonepersonbuysyetanotherSUV,itreducesourabilitytobeenergy-independent.”

M）Tappingintohowwealreadyseeourselvesiscrucial.Themostsuccessfulenvironmentalstrategywillmarrythegreenmessagetoourownsenseofidentity.Takeyouraveragetradeunionmember,chancesaretheywillbepoliticallymotivatedandbeusedtocollectiveaction—muchlikeEricaGregory.AretiredmemberofthePublicandCommercialServicesUnion,sheissettinguponeof1,100actiongroupswiththesupportofClimateSolidarity,atwo-yearenvironmentalcampaignaimedattradeunionists.

N）Ericaisproofthatagreat-grandmothercanhelptoleadtherevolutionifyourgetthepsychologyright—inthiscase,bymatchingherenthusiasmfortheenvironmentwithafondnessfororganisinggroups.“Ithinktheremustbesomethinginit.”Sheisexpectingupto20peopleatthefirstmeetingshehascalled,atherlocalpubintheCornishvillageofPolperro.

O）NickPerks,projectdirectorforClimateSolidarity,believesthissortofactivityiswherethefutureofenvironmentalactionlies.“Usingexistingcivilsocietystructuresornetworksisamoreeffectivewayofcreatingchange…andobviouslytradeunionsareoneofthebiggestcivilsocietynetworksintheUK,”hesays.The“LoveFood,HasteWaste”campaignenteredintoacollaborationlastyearwithanothersuchnetwork—theWomen’sInstitute.LondonerRachelTalorjoinedthecampaignwiththeaimofmakingnewfriends.Ayearon,themeetingshavemadelastingchangestowhatshethrowsawayinherkitchen.“It’salwaysmoreofanincentiveifyou’redoingitwithotherpeople,”shesays.“Itmotivatesyoumoreifyouknowthatyou’vegottoprovidefeedbacktoagroup.”

P）Thepowerofsuchsimplepsychologyinfightingclimatechangeisattractingattentionacrossthepoliticalestablishment.IntheUS,theHouseofRepresentativesScienceCommitteehasapprovedabillallocating$10millionayeartostudyingenergy-relatedbehaviour.IntheUK,newstudiesareindevelopmentandsocialscientistsareregularlyspottedinBritishgovernmentoffices.Withthehelpofpsychologists,thereisfreshhopethatwemightgogreenafterall.

46.Whenpeoplefindtheyarepowerlesstochangeasituation,theytendtolivewithit.

47.Tobeeffective,environmentalmessagesshouldbecarefullyframed.

48.Itisthegovernment’sresponsibilitytopersuadepeopleintomakingenvironment-friendlydecisions.

49.Politiciansarebeginningtorealizetheimportanceofenlistingpsychologists’helpinfightingclimatechange.

50.Tofindeffectivesolutionstoclimatechange,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmotivatespeopletomakechange.

51.Intheirevolution,humanshavelearnedtopayattentiontothemosturgentissuesinsteadoflong-termconcerns.

52.Onestudyshowsthatourneighbors’actionsareinfluentialunchangingourbehavior.

53.Despiteclearsignsofglobalwarming,itisnoteasyformostpeopletobelieveclimatechangewillaffecttheirownlives.

54.Wewouldtakeourfu