初高中英语衔接课.docx

1、初高中英语衔接课初高中英语衔接课一. 句子成分 二. 英语基本句型句子包括哪些成分？现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（verb）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl i

2、s pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English. 2. 表语 表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She is happy.Ever

3、ybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.3. 宾语 宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.4.宾语补足语 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，

4、还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当If you let me go, Ill make you king. Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I saw him enter the hall. The boss keeps them working all day. I heard my name called. 5. 状语 状语用来修饰动，形容词或副词它表

5、示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.Without his help, we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.6. 定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语The b

6、lack bike is mine. Whats your name? A broken vase. I have 5 books. A sleeping boy.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.I have something to do. It is a swimming pool. Homework一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words di

7、d you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二) 挑出下列句中的表语- The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三) 挑出下列句中的定语1. What is yo

8、ur given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found

9、 it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.(五) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under

10、 her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.划分句子成分1. You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I di

11、dnt dare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.一、翻译下列句子，并在系动词下划线。1. Five and five is ten. 2. His father is in. 3. The picture is on the wall

12、. 4. My watch is gone / missing / lost. 5. The question is whether they will come. 6. It sounds a good idea. 7. Tom looks thin. 8. The food smells delicious. 9. Now I feel tired. 10. The door remains open. 二、翻译下列句子，并用（ ）标出定语。1. Mr. Zhang is a chemistry teacher. 2. He is our friend. We belong to the

13、third world. 3. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.4. The man over there is my old friend5. The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. 6. The boys playing football are in Class 2. 7. The trees planted last year are growing well now. 8. I have an idea to do it well. 9. You should do e

14、verything that I do. 10. The book whose cover is red is mine. 简单句、并列句和复合句英语的句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1陈述句（DeclarativeSentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。有肯定句和否定句之分。2）疑问句（InterrogativeSentences）：提出问题。有以下四种： a.一般疑问句（GeneralQuestions）： Canyoufinishtheworkintime? b.特殊疑问句（WQuestions;HQuestions）： Wheredoyoulive? Ho

15、wdoyouknowthat?c.选择疑问句（AlternativeQuestions）：Doyouwantteaorcoffee? d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：Hedoesntknowher,doeshe? 3） 祈使句（ImperativeSentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：Sitdown,please.Dontbenervous! 4） 感叹句（ExclamatorySentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：Whatgoodnewsitis!一、简单句（简单句的五种基本句型）简单句的五种基本句型，对于提高同学们的听、说、读、写、译能

16、力有至关重要的作用。下面我们就一起再来回顾一下简单句的五种基本句型吧！简单句的五种基本句型包括：a. 主语+连系动词+表语 (S+ Link-V+P)此句型中的谓语动词为连系动词，作表语成分的有形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式介词短语等。常见的系动词有be, feel, taste, smell, sound, seem, look(看起来)，get(变)，become(变),turn(变)等。1）Thestorysoundsinteresting. 2）Herdreamhascometrue. 3）My books are on the desk. 4）The food seems to b

17、e nice. 本句型的特点是连系动词+表语二者缺一不可。例如Theteacherangry和We in the classroom.She sixteen.都不成其为一个句子。汉语中形容词、介词短语、数词都可以用作谓语，但是英语中它们不能单独作谓语，它们前面必须加上一个系动词才能构成谓语。Exercises: PutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish. 1.李甜甜是个聪明的女孩。 2.张飞在三年级六班。 3.早起有益于身体健康。 4.这些玫瑰花闻起来很香。 b.主语+不及物动词 (S+V)在此句型中，谓语动词是不及物动词，其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意

18、思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。如： 1）My head aches. 2）The students are listening 3) Westudyhard. 4)Theredsunrisesintheeast.、5)TheSecondWorldWarbrokeoutin1939. 6)Theboylookedoutofthewindow. 主语和不及物动词(短语)是组成本句型不可缺少的必要成分。在实际运用中,不及物动词往往与副词、介词及其它相关成分有相对稳定的搭配关系。Exercises: Putthef

19、ollowingsentencesintoEnglish. 1.我们的物理老师教得很好。 2.五年前宋杰住在合肥。 c. 主语+及物动词+宾语 (S+V+O)该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等.1) I finished reading the book. 2) Do you like apples？ 3) We discussed it at the meeting last week. 4) He decided to buy a computer 5) Welove

20、China. 6)Theyenjoyedthemselvesverymuchlastnight.7) Doyourememberhistelephonenumber? 8)Hethoughtabouttheproblemforafewmoments. Exercises: PutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish. 1.她每天晚上看电视。 2.这本书胡珊珊读过多次了。 3.明天下午我们将进行英语考试。 4.大多数人很喜欢轻音乐。 5.她几乎不知道该如何写作文。 d.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (S+V+IO+DO)英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(

21、指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：ask,bring,take,buy,cost,fetch,give,hand,pass,lend,offer,pay,read,save,send,show,teach,tell,write等。有时也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，此时间接宾语前需加介词for或to。1) Could you pass me the salt? (= Could you pass the salt to me?) 2) Uncle Wang made the farmers many machines.(=Uncle W

22、ang made many machines for the farmers. ) 3) ZhouNanlentmesomemoney.(.somemoneytome.)4) Motherboughtmeanewdress.(.anewdressforme.)5) Theeveningdresscostherfortydollars. 6) ThegirlaskedmewhetherIcouldrepairthebike. (直接宾语为句子)7) Hetoldmehowtomakeachair. (直接宾语为不定式)Exercises:PutthefollowingsentencesintoE

23、nglish. 1.刘江给了我一朵红玫瑰。 2.她给我做了一件漂亮衣服。 3.这项工作花了我们半个小时。 4. 吴老师给我们提出了一些有关英语学习的建议。 e. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 (S+V+O+C)1) WeelectedLiuLeimonitor. （elect, choose, appoint, make, call, name等词后面跟表示职位的名词做宾语补足语时，职位名词前不要冠词）2) Thenewsmadehimunhappy. 3) Youshouldntlethimgotherealone. 4) Ihadthebikerepaired. 5)Ifeelitve

24、rypleasanttobewithyourfamily.6) Please keep the classroom clean. 7) She asked me to call him again. 1后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, think，elect, appoint等。例如：We call him Tom for short 2后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think等。例如：Its very hot here Wed better keep the windows open 3动词不定式做宾

25、语补足语有以下三种情况：(1)后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, wish, trouble等。例如：He told us to keep quiet in the hospital (2)后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为：感官动词：“一听(hear)”、“二看(see, watch)”、“三感觉（feel, notice, find, observe）, 使役动词：let, have加make)”，例如：Let me try again I often hear her sing in the next room 感官动词hear, se

26、e, watch, feel, notice, observe等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：He saw a girl get on the bus. 他看见一个女孩上车了（上车的动作已经结束）。He saw a girl getting on the bus. 他看见一个女孩在上车(上车的动作正在进行)。(3)help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如：My father often helps me(to) study English 4后跟动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有f

27、eel, hear, see, watch, keep, find等。例如:We found a man lying on the ground 5后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等。例如：Ill keep the words in my mind 二、并列句 由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫并列句。常见分类：1、 表示同等、平行或承接关系，常用连词and; bothand; not only.but also; neither.nor.; as well as等。2、 表示转折关系，常用连词but, yet, however, while等3

28、、 表示选择关系，常用连词or; notbut.(不是而是); either.or等4、 表示因果关系，常见连词as; for(因为); so等。三、复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。从句须由关联词引导。初中英语教材主要涉及的复合句有状语从句、宾语从句和定语从句。考点一 状语从句状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用，修饰主句中的谓语、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据意义上的不同，状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、地点状语从句等等。从句类型从句引导词例

29、句时间状语从句when; while; before; after; untilsince; as soon asHe didnt get home until 9 p.m.Ill call you up as soon as I arrive in Beijing.条件状语从句if; unless; as long asYoull be kept out of the party unless you have an invitation.目的状语从句So that; in order thatThe new company gave away lots of ads in order th

30、at people can get to know it.让步状语从句Though/ although; even if; whatever; wherever; wheneverThe whole library was in silence, although there were nearly 500 people reading in it.原因状语从句Because; since; as; forSince everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.结果状语从句So.that; suchthatYao Ming plays basketball so well that many Americans have become his fans.比较状语从句Than; as.as; no