全国职称英语新增文章汇编原文和翻译.docx

1、全国职称英语新增文章汇编原文和翻译2014年职称英语新增文章汇编阅读判断What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fa

2、ct, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, w

3、as probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in

4、 real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For

5、example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist Wi

6、lliam Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children

7、 do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams

8、 often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in di

9、fferent ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world

10、.梦是什么几百年来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异的事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义，另一些人则认为，梦是生命重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。奥地利心理学家西格蒙德弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作 梦的解析(1900) 中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。瑞士精神病学家卡尔 荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同，他认为，梦的作用是给做梦的人传

11、递一种信息，而人们通过自己的梦，可以对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果一个人梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是自视过高。反过来，如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉 多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人那么多梦。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也随着年龄增长而发展。多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究. 他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现

12、的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫研究了全世界来自11种不同文化的古今案例，得出了上述结论。梦能帮助我们更好地了解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦确实有含义，但也不意味着你梦到的事真的会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。The Biology of MusicHumans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what

13、 is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing .better than a lot of people). However,the songs of a

14、nimals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instruments.Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things - especially their emotions. When music is combined with

15、 speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometimes people who suffer

16、 brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they dont automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer, had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, sti

17、ll compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body,

18、scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. Music requires specia

19、l talent, practice, and physical ability. Thats why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someones.mate. For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctl

20、y suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally ,when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa), it may be a way of showing off.However ,Millers theory still doesnt explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an

21、 area that needs further research.音乐生物学人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科学界还没有给出答案。哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物？一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌 (并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听) ，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么？如果音乐与语言真的不同

22、，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953 年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响？这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究

23、员杰弗里米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然) 音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。Bill Gates: Unleashing Your CreativityIve always been an optimist and I suppos

24、e it is rooted in my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the word a better place.For as long as I can remember, Ive loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old telety

25、pe machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today. But it changed my life.When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of acomputer on every desk and in every home, which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most

26、computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have.And after 30 years, Im still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity andinven

27、tiveness - to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldnt solve on their own.Computers have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the worlds knowledge. Theyre helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people

28、 who are important to us, no matter where they are.Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it tap-dancing to Work. My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me tap-danceing to work is when we show people somet

29、hing new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetimes worth of photos, and they say, I didnt know you could do that with a PC5 !But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity

30、 and intelligence to work to improve our world6. There are still far too manypeople in the world whose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millions ofpeople die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a

31、 responsibility to give back to the world.My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a child anywhere else, and

32、that it doesnt take much to make an immense difference in these childrens lives.Im still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the worlds toughestproblems is possible - and its happening every day. Were seeing new drugs for deadly diseases,new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world.Im excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, fortechnology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and w