PG 3知识要点.docx

1、PG 3知识要点Passage SOCIAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature by Janine M: Benyus (1997 by Janine M. Benyus).If anybodys growing biomass, its us. To keep our system from collapsing on itself, industrial ecologists are attempting to build a “no-waste economy.”

2、 Instead of a linear production system, which binges on virgin raw materials and spews out unusable waste, they envision a web of closed loops in which a minimum of raw materials comes in the door, and very little waste escapes. The first examples of this no-waste economy are collections of companie

3、s clustered in an ecopark and connected in a food chain, with each firms waste going next door to become the other firms raw material or fuel.In Denmark, the town of Kalundborg has the worlds most elaborate prototype of an ecopark. Four companies are co-located, and all of them are linked, dependent

4、 on one another for resources or energy. The Asnaesverket Power Company pipes some of its waste steam to power the engines of two companies: the Statoil Refinery and Novo Nordisk (a pharmaceutical plant). Another pipeline delivers the remaining waste steam to heat thirty-five hundred homes in the to

5、wn, eliminating the need for oil furnaces. The power plant also delivers its cooling water, now toasty warm, to fifty-seven ponds worth of fish. The fish revel in the warm water, and the fish farm produces 250 tons of sea trout and turbot each year.Waste steam from the power company is used by Novo

6、Nordisk to heat the fermentation tanks that produce insulin and enzymes. This process in turn creates 700,000 tons of nitrogen-rich slurry a year, which used to be dumped into the fjord. Now, Novo bequeaths it free to nearby farmers a pipeline delivers the fertilizer to the growing plants, which are

7、 in turn harvested to feed the bacteria in the fermentation tanks.Meanwhile, back at the Statoil Refinery, waste gas that used to go up a smokestack is now purified. Some is used internally as fuel, some is piped to the power company, and the rest goes to Gyproc, the wall board maker next door. The

8、sulfur squeezed from the gas 40 during purification is loaded onto trucks and sent to Kemira, a company that produces sulfuric acid. The power company also squeezes sulfur from its emissions, but converts most of it to calcium sulfate (industrial gypsum), which it sells to Gyproc for wallboard.Altho

9、ugh Kalundborg is a cozy co-location, industries need not be geographically close to operate in a food web as long as they are connected by a mutual desire to use waste. Already, some companies are designing their processes so that any waste that falls on the production-room floor is valuable and ca

10、n be used by someone else. In this game of “designed offal,” process with lots of waste, as long as its “wanted waste,” may be better than one with a small amount of waste that must be landfilled or burned. As author Daniel Chiras says, more companies are recognizing that “technologies that produce

11、by-products society cannot absorb are essentially failed technologies.”So far, weve talked about recycling within a circle of companies. But what happens when a product leaves the manufacturer and passes to the consumer and finally to the trash can? Right now, a product visits one of two fates at th

12、e end of its useful life. It can be buried in a landfill or incinerated, or it can be recaptured through recycling or reuse.Traditionally, manufacturers havent had to worry about what happens to a product after it leaves their gates. But that is starting to change, thanks to laws now in the wings in

13、 Europe (and headed for the United States) that will require companies to take back their durable goods such as refrigerators, washers, and cars at the end of their useful lives. In Germany, the take-back laws start with the initial sale. Companies must take back all their packaging or hire middleme

14、n to do the recycling. Take-back laws mean that manufacturers who have been saying. “This product can be recycled,” must now say, “We recycle our products and packaging.”When the onus shifts in this way, its suddenly in the companys best interest to design a product that will either last a long time

15、 or come apart easily for recycling or reuse. Refrigerators and cars will be assembled using easy-open snaps instead of glued-together joints, and for recyclability, each part will be made of one material instead of twenty. Even simple things, like the snack bags for potato chips, will be streamline

16、d. Todays bags, which have nine thin layers made of seven different materials, will no doubt be replaced by one material that can preserve freshness and can easily be remade into a new bag.11. According to the passage, waste emissions from the Asnaesverket Power Company are used to help produce all

17、of following EXCEPT:A. insulin.B. heating oil.C. plant fertilizer.D. industrial gypsum.12. When the author says “our system” (lines 1-2), she is most likely referring to a production system in:F. Denmark in which four companies are co-located in one small town and are linked by their dependence on e

18、nergy resources.G. the United States that produces recyclable durable goods such as refrigerators, washers, and cars.H. the United States and Europe in which products are developed with few virgin raw materials and leave little or no waste,J. the United States and Europe that uses too many virgin ra

19、w materials and produces too much unused waste.13. The main purpose of the second, third, and fourth paragraphs (lines 13-44) is to show:A. how four companies depend on each other for resources and the recycling of waste.B. that Denmark is one of the worlds leaders in developing new sources of energ

20、y.C. that one towns need for energy can be eliminated through recycling.B. that a no-waste economy saves money.14. It is reasonable to infer that the authors proposed solution to what she sees as the problem of an increasing amount of biomass is to:F. change the process by which manufacturers produc

21、e their products.G. make consumers responsible for recycling the products they buy.H. encourage traditional businesses to compete with new, innovative businesses.J. encourage companies that produce similar products to cluster together in ecoparks.15. Based on the passage，which of the following pairs

22、 of industries is shown to depend directly on one another for the production of their products?A. Statoil and GyprocB. Asnaesverket and fish farmersC. Novo Nordisk and plant farmersD. Statoil and Novo Nordisk16. The main function of the sixth paragraph (lines 5864) in relation to the passage as a wh

23、ole is most likely to provide:F. evidence to support Daniel Chirass statement in lines 54-57.G. a transition between the two main points discussed in the passage.H. a conclusion to the authors discussion about a no-waste economy.J. a summary of the authors main argument.17. According to the passage,

24、 take-back laws in Germany shift the responsibility for recycling from the:A. local government to the manufacturer.B. manufacturer to the local government.C. manufacturer to the consumer.D. consumer to the manufacturer.18. According to the passage, the common element for companies that want to be pa

25、rt of a food web is their mutual interest in:F. relocating their operations to a common geographic area in Europe.G. providing industrial waste to private homes and farming operations.H. eliminating the need for raw materials.J. using industrial waste as raw materials.19. The author uses the term “d

26、esigned offal”(line 51) to indicate that:A. companies can design ways in which their waste products can be used. B. industrial ecologists have designed ways to reduce waste products.C. technology has not kept pace with how to dispose of waste products.D. companies can learn to design more efficient

27、landfill spaces.20. According to Daniel Chiras，a failed technology is one that:F. cannot reuse its own waste.G. produces more waste than it uses.H. produces waste that is unusable.J. makes durable goods such as refrigerators.Passage HUMANITIES: This passage is adapted from the article “What Light Th

28、rough Yonder Windows Breaks?” by Stephen Greenblatt, which appeared in Civilization (1995 by L.O.C. Associates, L.P.). The CD-ROMs referred to in this passage are discs that, when inserted into a computer, provide the user with multimedia information on a given subject.Shakespeare on CD-ROM is poten

29、tially the most important thing to happen to the texts of Shakespeares plays since the 18th century, when they were first given the serious scholarly attention reserved for cultural treasures. It is important to understand why the innovations represented by these CDs the BBC Shakespeare Series Romeo

30、 and Juliet and Voyagers Macbeth are so significant.What exactly is a printed play by Shakespeare? Where it was once thought that Shakespeares plays sprang from his noble brow in definitive and final form, it is now widely recognized that many of them were repeatedly revised. Some of these early alt

31、erations were likely made by the theater company to adapt a play to a particular occasion, others by a collaborator, others for the government censors, still others by the printer, but many of the most significant changes seem to bear the mark of Shakespeare himself. For example, there are two strik

32、ingly distinct versions of King Lear, three of Hamlet and two of Romeo and Juliet. The point is not simply that Shakespeare had second or third thoughts but rather that he apparently regarded his plays as open and unfinished; he intended them to be repeatedly performed, and this meant that they would be continually cut, revised or even radically reconceived according to the ideas of the players and the demands of the public. The words were not meant to remain on the page. They were destined for the beauty and mutability of the human vo