PG 3知识要点.docx

PG 3知识要点.docx

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PG3知识要点

PassageⅡ

SOCIALSCIENCE:

ThispassageisadaptedfromBiomimicry:

InnovationInspiredbyNaturebyJanineM:

Benyus（©1997byJanineM.Benyus）.

Ifanybody’sgrowingbiomass,it’sus.Tokeepoursystemfromcollapsingonitself,industrialecologistsareattemptingtobuilda“no-wasteeconomy.”Insteadofalinearproductionsystem,whichbingesonvirginrawmaterialsandspewsoutunusablewaste,theyenvisionawebofclosedloopsinwhichaminimumofrawmaterialscomesinthedoor,andverylittlewasteescapes.Thefirstexamplesofthisno-wasteeconomyarecollectionsofcompaniesclusteredinanecoparkandconnectedinafoodchain,witheachfirm’swastegoingnextdoortobecometheotherfirm’srawmaterialorfuel.

InDenmark,thetownofKalundborghastheworld’smostelaborateprototypeofanecopark.Fourcompaniesareco-located,andallofthemarelinked,dependentononeanotherforresourcesorenergy.TheAsnaesverketPowerCompanypipessomeofitswastesteamtopowertheenginesoftwocompanies:

theStatoilRefineryandNovoNordisk（apharmaceuticalplant）.Anotherpipelinedeliverstheremainingwastesteamtoheatthirty-fivehundredhomesinthetown,eliminatingtheneedforoilfurnaces.Thepowerplantalsodeliversitscoolingwater,nowtoastywarm,tofifty-sevenponds’worthoffish.Thefishrevelinthewarmwater,andthefishfarmproduces250tonsofseatroutandturboteachyear.

WastesteamfromthepowercompanyisusedbyNovoNordisktoheatthefermentationtanksthatproduceinsulinandenzymes.Thisprocessinturncreates700,000tonsofnitrogen-richslurryayear,whichusedtobedumpedintothefjord.Now,Novobequeathsitfreetonearbyfarmers—apipelinedeliversthefertilizertothegrowingplants,whichareinturnharvestedtofeedthebacteriainthefermentationtanks.

Meanwhile,backattheStatoilRefinery,wastegasthatusedtogoupasmokestackisnowpurified.Someisusedinternallyasfuel,someispipedtothepowercompany,andtherestgoestoGyproc,thewallboardmakernextdoor.Thesulfursqueezedfromthegas40duringpurificationisloadedontotrucksandsenttoKemira,acompanythatproducessulfuricacid.Thepowercompanyalsosqueezessulfurfromitsemissions,butconvertsmostofittocalciumsulfate（industrialgypsum）,whichitsellstoGyprocforwallboard.

AlthoughKalundborgisacozyco-location,industriesneednotbegeographicallyclosetooperateinafoodwebaslongastheyareconnectedbyamutualdesiretousewaste.Already,somecompaniesaredesigningtheirprocessessothatanywastethatfallsontheproduction-roomfloorisvaluableandcanbeusedbysomeoneelse.Inthisgameof“designedoffal,”processwithlotsofwaste,aslongasit’s“wantedwaste,”maybebetterthanonewithasmallamountofwastethatmustbelandfilledorburned.AsauthorDanielChirassays,morecompaniesarerecognizingthat“technologiesthatproduceby-productssocietycannotabsorbareessentiallyfailedtechnologies.”

Sofar,we'vetalkedaboutrecyclingwithinacircleofcompanies.Butwhathappenswhenaproductleavesthemanufacturerandpassestotheconsumerandfinallytothetrashcan?

Rightnow,aproductvisitsoneoftwofatesattheendofitsusefullife.Itcanbeburiedinalandfillorincinerated,oritcanberecapturedthroughrecyclingorreuse.

Traditionally,manufacturershaven’thadtoworryaboutwhathappenstoaproductafteritleavestheirgates.Butthatisstartingtochange,thankstolawsnowinthewingsinEurope（andheadedfortheUnitedStates）thatwillrequirecompaniestotakebacktheirdurablegoodssuchasrefrigerators,washers,andcarsattheendoftheirusefullives.InGermany,thetake-backlawsstartwiththeinitialsale.Companiesmusttakebackalltheirpackagingorhiremiddlementodotherecycling.Take-backlawsmeanthatmanufacturerswhohavebeensaying.“Thisproductcanberecycled,”mustnowsay,“Werecycleourproductsandpackaging.”

Whentheonusshiftsinthisway,it’ssuddenlyinthecompany\sbestinteresttodesignaproductthatwilleitherlastalongtimeorcomeaparteasilyforrecyclingorreuse.Refrigeratorsandcarswillbeassembledusingeasy-opensnapsinsteadofglued-togetherjoints,andforrecyclability,eachpartwillbemadeofonematerialinsteadoftwenty.Evensimplethings,likethesnackbagsforpotatochips,willbestreamlined.Today’sbags,whichhaveninethinlayersmadeofsevendifferentmaterials,willnodoubtbereplacedbyonematerialthatcanpreservefreshnessandcaneasilyberemadeintoanewbag.

11.Accordingtothepassage,wasteemissionsfromtheAsnaesverketPowerCompanyareusedtohelpproducealloffollowingEXCEPT:

A.insulin.

B.heatingoil.

C.plantfertilizer.

D.industrialgypsum.

12.Whentheauthorsays“oursystem”（line’s1-2）,sheismostlikelyreferringtoaproductionsystemin:

F.Denmarkinwhichfourcompaniesareco-locatedinonesmalltownandarelinkedbytheirdependenceonenergyresources.

G.theUnitedStatesthatproducesrecyclabledurablegoodssuchasrefrigerators,washers,andcars.

H.theUnitedStatesandEuropeinwhichproductsaredevelopedwithfewvirginrawmaterialsandleavelittleornowaste,

J.theUnitedStatesandEuropethatusestoomanyvirginrawmaterialsandproducestoomuchunusedwaste.

13.Themainpurposeofthesecond,third,andfourthparagraphs（lines13-44）istoshow:

A.howfourcompaniesdependoneachotherforresourcesandtherecyclingofwaste.

B.thatDenmarkisoneoftheworld’sleadersindevelopingnewsourcesofenergy.

C.thatonetown’sneedforenergycanbeeliminatedthroughrecycling.

B.thatano-wasteeconomysavesmoney.

14.Itisreasonabletoinferthattheauthor’sproposedsolutiontowhatsheseesastheproblemofanincreasingamountofbiomassisto:

F.changetheprocessbywhichmanufacturersproducetheirproducts.

G.makeconsumersresponsibleforrecyclingtheproductstheybuy.

H.encouragetraditionalbusinessestocompetewithnew,innovativebusinesses.

J.encouragecompaniesthatproducesimilarproductstoclustertogetherinecoparks.

15.Basedonthepassage，whichofthefollowingpairsofindustriesisshowntodependdirectlyononeanotherfortheproductionoftheirproducts?

A.StatoilandGyproc

B.Asnaesverketandfishfarmers

C.NovoNordiskandplantfarmers

D.StatoilandNovoNordisk

16.Themainfunctionofthesixthparagraph（lines58—64）inrelationtothepassageasawholeismostlikelytoprovide:

F.evidencetosupportDanielChiras’sstatementinlines54-57.

G.atransitionbetweenthetwomainpointsdiscussedinthepassage.

H.aconclusiontotheauthor’sdiscussionaboutano-wasteeconomy.

J.asummaryoftheauthor’smainargument.

17.Accordingtothepassage,take-backlawsinGermanyshifttheresponsibilityforrecyclingfromthe:

A.localgovernmenttothemanufacturer.

B.manufacturertothelocalgovernment.

C.manufacturertotheconsumer.

D.consumertothemanufacturer.

18.Accordingtothepassage,thecommonelementforcompaniesthatwanttobepartofafoodwebistheirmutualinterestin:

F.relocatingtheiroperationstoacommongeographicareainEurope.

G.providingindustrialwastetoprivatehomesandfarmingoperations.

H.eliminatingtheneedforrawmaterials.

J.usingindustrialwasteasrawmaterials.

19.Theauthorusestheterm“designedoffal”（line51）toindicatethat:

A.companiescandesignwaysinwhichtheirwasteproductscanbeused.

B.industrialecologistshavedesignedwaystoreducewasteproducts.

C.technologyhasnotkeptpacewithhowtodisposeofwasteproducts.

D.companiescanlearntodesignmoreefficientlandfillspaces.

20.AccordingtoDanielChiras，afailedtechnologyisonethat:

F.cannotreuseitsownwaste.

G.producesmorewastethanituses.

H.produceswastethatisunusable.

J.makesdurablegoodssuchasrefrigerators.

PassageⅢ

HUMANITIES:

Thispassageisadaptedfromthearticle“WhatLightThroughYonderWindowsBreaks?

”byStephenGreenblatt,whichappearedinCivilization（©1995byL.O.C.Associates,L.P.）.TheCD-ROMsreferredtointhispassagearediscsthat,wheninsertedintoacomputer,providetheuserwithmultimediainformationonagivensubject.

ShakespeareonCD-ROMispotentiallythemostimportantthingtohappentothetextsofShakespeare’splayssincethe18thcentury,whentheywerefirstgiventheseriousscholarlyattentionreservedforculturaltreasures.ItisimportanttounderstandwhytheinnovationsrepresentedbytheseCDs—theBBCShakespeareSeries’RomeoandJulietandVoyager’sMacbeth—aresosignificant.

WhatexactlyisaprintedplaybyShakespeare?

WhereitwasoncethoughtthatShakespeare’splayssprangfromhisnoblebrowindefinitiveandfinalform,itisnowwidelyrecognizedthatmanyofthemwererepeatedlyrevised.Someoftheseearlyalterationswerelikelymadebythetheatercompanytoadaptaplaytoaparticularoccasion,othersbyacollaborator,othersforthegovernmentcensors,stillothersbytheprinter,butmanyofthemostsignificantchangesseemtobearthemarkofShakespearehimself.Forexample,therearetwostrikinglydistinctversionsofKingLear,threeofHamletandtwoofRomeoandJuliet.ThepointisnotsimplythatShakespearehadsecondorthirdthoughtsbutratherthatheapparentlyregardedhisplaysasopenandunfinished;heintendedthemtoberepeatedlyperformed,andthismeantthattheywouldbecontinuallycut,revisedorevenradicallyreconceivedaccordingtotheideasoftheplayersandthedemandsofthepublic.Thewordswerenotmeanttoremainonthepage.Theyweredestinedforthebeautyandmutabilityofthehumanvo