英语修辞法梳理教学提纲.docx

1、英语修辞法梳理教学提纲1. 比喻 (metaphor) 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻 (simile)： A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared. 明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较.用like, as, as.as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： “How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to lif

2、e” (Shakespeare). 如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或 “你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” （莎士比亚）O my loves like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man cant be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻 (metaphor)：

3、缩写 met.， metaph. A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如： He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 “a sea of troubles” “忧愁之海” “All the wo

4、rlds a stage”(Shakespeare) “整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)2. 换喻(metonymy) 用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。例如： His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did he

5、r best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。 3. 举隅，提喻 (synecdoche) 以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ），以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ） 例如： He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were shor

6、t of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动 Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 He is the Newton of this century. 他是这个世纪的牛顿。 4. 拟人 (personification) 拟人，人格化：给无生命的东西或者抽象的东西赋予人的个性或绘以人的形象，把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法。例如： Hunger sat shivering on the road 饥饿站在路上颤抖 Flowers danced about th

7、e lawn 花儿在草地上翩翩起舞 My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 The wind whistled through the trees. 风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。 5. 委婉 (euphemism) 用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如： 用to fall asleep; t

8、o cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代替 to die 用senior citizens代替old people 用 a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil 用weight watcher代替 fat people 用mental hospital 代替 madhouse或者 asylum 用emotionally disturbed代替mad 用washroom, mens / womens room代替 lavatory 用 handicappe

9、d代替 crippled 用low income brackets; underprivileged; disadvantaged 代替 poor people 6. 双关 (pun) 用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如： A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器) 一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。 “Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked

10、a would-be customer. “Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman. 我可以试穿一下橱窗里的那件睡袍吗？或者：我可以在橱窗里试穿那件睡袍吗？ Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天没有水使一个人虚弱。或者：七天没有水就是一周没有水。 7. 反语 (irony) 使用与真正意义相反的词，正话反说或者反话正说，从对立的角度运用词义来产生特殊的效果。下面就是莎士比亚的戏剧 Julius Caesar 中的一个运用反语的很好的例子，Brutus出于野心刺杀了 Caesar, Ca

11、esar 的好友Antony 讥讽Brutus 说： Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest For Brutus is an honorable man; So are they all, all honorable men Come I to speak in Caesars funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honorable man. 在 Antony 的话里反复使用 hon

12、orable这个词就是一个反语的例子。 8. 矛盾修饰 (oxymoron) 把相互矛盾的两个词用在一起的修辞方法。它利用词义表面的相互矛盾使表层的不和谐统一在思想内容的深层，从而揭示事物对立统一的本质特征，达到加深印象的目的。例如： deafening silence震耳欲聋的沉默 a mournful optimist. 悲伤的乐观 She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile. 她带着含泪的微笑读那封盼望已久的信。 The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.教练为

13、了对他的受训者仁慈就要对他们残酷。 During his useful life he often felt he was useless. 在他大有作为的一生中他老是感到自己无用。 其他还有sweet pain; thunderous silence; luxurious poverty; heavy lightness; living death; impossible hope 等等。 9. 轭式搭配 (zeugma) 把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一个句子里一个词可以修饰或者控制两个或更多的词，它可以使语言活泼，富有幽默感。例如： She opened the

14、door and her heart to the homeless boy. 她对那无家可归的男孩打开了房门，也敞开了胸怀。 As I left home after breakfast, I shivered inwardly as well as outwardly. 早餐之后我离开家的时候，我的里里外外都在颤抖。 I would my horse had the speed of your tongue. 我希望我的马能有你的舌头的速度。 10. 移位修饰(transferred epithet) 将本应该用来修饰某一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。例如： There was a s

15、hort, thoughtful silence. 出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。 The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。 He closed his busy life at the age of sixty. 在六十岁时他结束了他那忙碌的一生。 This is the cheapest market in this country. 这是这个国家最便宜的市场了。 11. 头韵 (alliteration) 两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如： proud as a

16、peacock blind as a bat safe and sound on scrolls of silver snowy sentences”(Hart Crane) “写满银色雪般句子的卷轴上”(哈特克兰)Long and loudly little Lily laughed. 小莉莉长时间地、大声地笑着。 The windows waved violently in the wind. 窗户在风中剧烈地摇动。 The sun sank slowly. 太阳慢慢地下沉。 12. 渐进 (climax) 根据事物的逻辑关系，由小到大，由轻到重，由浅到深，由低到高，由少到多依次渐进地进行

17、描述或论述。这种整齐的结构可以使人们的思想认识一层层深化提高，增强语言的感染力和说服力。例如： I came; I saw; I conquer. 我来了；我看到了；我征服。 Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实；交谈使人机智；写作使人精确。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞咽者，更有少数须消化

18、咀嚼者。 Lincoln recognized worth in the common people; he loved the common people; he fought for the common people; and he died for the common people. 林肯认识到平民大众的价值；他热爱平民大众；他为平民大众而斗争；他为平民大众而献身。13.Hyperbaton or Inversion倒装 A figure of speech, such as anastrophe or hysteron proteron, using deviation from

19、normal or logical word order to produce an effect. 倒装，倒置法：一种象倒装法或逆序法的修辞方法，使用与正常或逻辑的语序相偏离的方法，从而产生一种效果E.g: Then come the climax of the trial.14.Repetitive 重复 E.g:From this nothing will turn us,nothing.15.Symbol 象征 Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, esp

20、ecially a material object used to represent something invisible. 象征，标志：通过联系、类似或传统来代表其它事物的某件东西，尤指代表抽象东西的实体16.Antithesis 对偶 A figure of speech in which sharply contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in a balanced or parallel phrase or grammatical structure, as in 对偶：一种将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法，如在： “Hee

21、 for God only, shee for God in him”(John Milton) “他只为上帝，她则为他心中的上帝”(约翰米尔顿)17.Hyperbole 夸张 A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect 夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如：I could sleep for a year 我能睡一年 This book weighs a ton. 这书有一吨重 18.Rhetorical Question 反问 A question to which no a

22、nswer is expected, often used for rhetorical effect. 反问：一种无需回答的问题，常为说服效果而使用。1 Parody（仿拟）如果译者功底不凡，能知作者之所“仿”，那么，理解与翻译也就“水到渠成”。如：Clearly, when it comes to marriage, practicing beforehand doesnt make perfect. 可以译成：显然，在婚姻问题上，婚前同居并不能令婚姻生活趋于完美。再如：When flu hits below the belt, it can be a challenge to keep

23、down anything more nourishing than tea and water. 词典对成语hits below the belt的通常解释是：用不正当手段打人（原指拳击中打对方的下身）。若是照搬，译文就会闹笑话。对待“仿拟”修辞格的方法之一是还原。所谓还原，即故意撇开成语的引申义，而“硬”用其字面义。如：若流感影响到了肠胃，那就只能饮用点茶水，要吃下其他东西就非常困难了。再如：Little John was born with a silver spoon in a mouth, which was rather curly and large. 英语成语to be bor

24、n with a silver spoon in ones mouth的含义是“出生在富贵之家”。这里，作者不用此引申义，而用字面意思。试译：小约翰嘴形弯曲，且大得出奇，好像生下来的时候嘴中含了一把银勺子似的。2 Syllepsis（异叙）此修辞格的特点是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）同时与两个词或者更多相搭配，巧用一词多义的特点。如：He first put a club in my hand when I was about ten. I threw a lot of tantrums in the upland hills of North Carolina, and clubs too

25、. I was in such a rush to be good that he would urge me to “relax and enjoy the round. The game ends far too soon.” I didnt have a clue what he meant. 试译：他第一次把高尔夫球棒放在我手里的时候，我大概十岁。在北卡罗来纳州的山中，我一次次发脾气，一次次把球棒扔掉。我急于求成，老爸总是劝我“放松点，慢慢打，比赛结束得太快了。”我一点儿也不明白他的意思。再如：By days end, I had drilled 4216 holes to a dep

26、th of 18 inches, and I had lost mine pounds, my hearing, feeling in both hands and the ability to lift anything heavier than the evening paper. 试译：一天快结束的时候，我已经钻了4216个深达18英寸的洞，为此，我失去了9磅体重，失去了听力，失去了双手的感觉，还失去了举起比一张晚报更重的东西的臂力。3 metonymy（借代）借代一般可以保留原文的修辞方式，不会引起误会，同时让译文多了一份词趣。如：So, during any five-week sh

27、ape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. 译文A：因此，在此五周的减肥期内，要更多地注重自己的腰围，而不是自己的体重。译文B：因此，在此五周的减肥期内，把注意力放在量腰围的卷尺上，而不是放在浴室的磅秤上。4 pun（双关）有许多看似无法在译文中挽留的原文形式的神韵和风采在译文中却得以挽留。如：First gentleman: Thou art always figuring disease in me, but thou art full of error, I am sound. Lucio: Nay

28、, not as one would say, healthy; but so sound as things that are hollow; impiety has made a feast of thee. （整个对话之谐趣尽系双关词汇sound。）试译：绅士甲：你总以为我有那种病，其实你大错特错，我的身体响当当的。路奇奥：响当当的，可并不结实，就像空心的东西那样响当当的，你的骨头都空了，好色的毛病把你掏空了。5 alliteration（头韵）英语辞格押头韵的手法历来被认为是不可译的，但是，面对alliteration，并不意味译者就无所作为。如下的两段译文就做了成功的尝试。如：Cha

29、nge is part of life and the making of character, hon. When the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 试译：变化是生活的一部分，而且也塑造了人的意志品德，亲爱的。当你不喜欢的事情发生了，你有两种选择：要么痛苦不堪；要么痛快达观。再如：Predictably, the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy. 试译：可以预言，今年冬天将多雪，多冻雨，多泥泞。（原句当

30、中的snowy, sleety, slushy也是非常漂亮的押头韵，译者殚精竭虑，用心可嘉。）6 metaphor（比喻）这个metaphor并非狭隘意义上的把A比作B的不使用比喻词（如as, like, as if等）的暗喻，而是广义上的英语词汇的比喻义。换言之，也就是英语词汇denotation(本义)之外的connotation(转义)。Peter Newmark在A Textbook of Translation中把英语中的比喻分成四类，令人耳目一新:I have suggested elsewhere that there are four types of metaphor: fo

31、ssilized, stock, recently created and original. 第一类：有学生在作文中写出如下句子：In the middle of the picnic, it started to rain cats and dogs, and everybody got soaked. 该句子被改为：While we were busy eating a picnic, a storm cloud suddenly appeared and everybody got soaked. 在A Dictionary of American Idioms中，写道：rain ca

32、ts and dogs: To rain very hard; come down in torrents-A clich. 美国朋友说: If you use this metaphor, I will doubt if you are my grandfathers uncle! 第二类：stock(常用的)这是指已被收入词典，但并不属于clich范畴的比喻。如：flood一词的用法。She was in a flood of tears. (她泪流如注。) The corridors were flooded with girls. (走廊里挤满了女孩子。) Strawberries flooded the market and pri