翻译网站Unit2.docx

1、翻译网站Unit2Unit 2DictionHighlights of the Unit 单元要点概述Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练I. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次上的对等关系II. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word英语词义辨析法III. Techniques of Translating a Given English Word 英语词语翻译技巧IV.

2、Diction in Chinese-English Translation 汉译英的选词用字Reflections and Practice 思考与练习BACK单元要点概述实用翻译创班练英译汉：The Most Important Speech of the Century实用翻译创训练汉译英：我们的历史伟业I. 英汉词字层次上的对等关系II. 英语词义辨析法III. 英语词语翻译技巧IV. 汉译英的选词用字本单元阐述了翻译中的遣词用字问题，首先用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1. 词字对等，2. 多词同义，3. 一词多义，4. 词义交织，5. 无对等词语。接着从四个角度探讨

3、了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1. 根据构词法辨别词义；2. 根据指代关系辨别词义；3. 根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4. 根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。在词义辨析的基础上，本单元归纳了英语翻译的八种常用技巧：1. 推演法，2. 移植法， 3. 引申法， 4. 替代法， 5. 释义法， 6. 合并法， 7. 图形法和8. 音译法。汉译英的遣词用字问题与英译汉的情况有所不同。英译汉时我们输出的是自己所熟悉的汉语词汇、语法结构，而汉译英则需我们对大量的不那么熟悉的词汇做出取舍，然后再去套用语法规则，因此往往会显得力不从心这就是为什么初学者普遍会认为，汉译英的难度大超过英译汉。Practi

4、cal Translation Training1. English-Chinese TranslationThe Most Important Speech of the CenturyWe learned how far up hes come on New Years Day when every: Chinese newspaper heralded a 6000-word speech in which Deng signaled the end of thousands of years of Chinese xenophobia.It may eventually come to

5、 be regarded the most important speech of the century. For in it，the Maximum Leader of the nation that comprises one-fourth of mankind served notice that China was joining the rest of the world (save Albania) in the 20th century.No country can develop by closing its door, said Deng, We suffered from

6、 this，and our forefathers suffered from this. Reversing thousands of years of official hostility to the world outside the Great Wall, Deng said simply: Isolation landed China in poverty，backwardness and ignorance.This startling admission contradicts thousands of years of Chinese policy，going back be

7、yond the Ming Dynasty to the Chin Dynasty，when the wall was erected to keep barbarians on horseback out in the wilds where they belonged.Dengs message: Do not renounce Marxism，but adopt capitalist ideas where they make sense it cannot harm us. Economic reform，spearheaded by younger leaders，is the si

8、ngle most important bulwark for the nations security，for only with economic strength can bombs，missiles and planes be purchased.If China is trying to catch up to the rest of the world in the 20th century，maybe the 21st century will belong to them. They have people，brains and they can be impressively

9、 disciplined. And their industrial potential is awesome.It may come to be commonly accepted in the next century that the most significant speech ever given by a fellow with a cowboy hat came not from Ronald Reagan but from an 80-year-old Chinese man.Notes and Explanations1. how far up hes come 他已迈出了

10、多大一步；come up 走上前2. xenophobia n.仇外；惧外者3. come to be regarded 它最终有可能被认为是; come to达到结果4. serve notice 通知，警告5. the rest of the world （除自身以外的） 世界上的其他一些国家6. No country can develop by closing its door, said Deng, We suffered from this, and our forefathers suffered from this. 邓说：“任何国家要发达起来，闭关自守都不可能。我们吃过这个苦

11、头，我们的老祖宗也吃过这个苦头。”将此句回译成中文，应核对讲话原文，以确保译文准确无误。7. land（in） 使人陷入（坏状况）8. keep out 阻挡在外9. capitalist ideas where they make sense 资本主义合理的观念；make sense合理；有意义10. spearhead v.做先锋，在前面带头11. the single most important bulwark 最重要的保障; bulwark n.壁垒，保障12. They have people, brains 他们有人力，有人才2. Chinese-English Translat

12、ion我们的历史伟业从19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶的100年间，中国人民的一切奋斗，都是为了实现祖国的独立和民族的解放，彻底结束民族屈辱的历史。这个历史伟业，我们已经完成了。从20世纪中叶到21世纪中叶的100年间，中国人民的一切奋斗，则是为了实现祖国的富强、人民的富裕和民族的伟大复兴。这个历史伟业，我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了50年，取得了巨大的进展，再经过50年的奋斗，也必将胜利完成。Notes and Explanations1. 19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶 the mid-19th to the mid-20th century2. 为了实现祖国的独立和民族的解放 for the sak

13、e of achieving independence of our country and liberation of our nation3. 彻底结束 put an end to.once and for all4. 民族屈辱 national humiliation5. 历史伟业 great historic cause6. （实现） 民族的伟大复兴 （make）the nation immensely rejuvenated7. 取得了巨大的进展 make tremendous progress8. 胜利完成（目标） successfully attain the objective

14、By diction we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.In the practice of translation，what perplexes us most frequently is how to find an equivalent in the target language. Great care is called for in the translation of familia

15、r English words into Chinese，as their meanings vary with the change in collocation or context. Take the following simple sentence for example：Tension is building up.Without context，both tension and build up may have various explanations. Thus this English sentence may be translated into different Ch

16、inese expressions accordingly： 形势紧张起来。 张力在增大。 电压在增加。 压力在增强。Just as a noted linguist has observed, the meaning of a word is its use in the language, and each word, when used in a new context, is a new word. The above example is a good illustration of this saying. More examples may be found in the abo

17、ve Practical Translation Training, such as how far up hes come（他已迈出了多大一步）, eventually come to be regarded （最终有可能被认为是）, suffered from（吃苦头）, They have people, brains（他们有人力，有人才）, and so on.In comparison with Chinese，English words are generally more flexible both in form and in meaning，therefore it is o

18、ften a hard task for a translator to find their Chinese equivalents that are suitable to the occasion. Take the word story for example:（1） This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.（2） It is quite another story now.（3） Some reporters who were not included in the session broke

19、the story.（4） Hell be very happy if that story holds up.（5） The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.（6） What a story！I dont believe a word of it.（7） Last December the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities，but officials refused to confirm the story.（8） The story

20、 about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.As we can judge from the context，the“storys in the above sentences indicate different senses respectively：（1） event；（2） situation；（3） inside information；（4） statement；（5） experience；（6） lie；（7） news；（8） reportAnd therefore，the co

21、rresponding Chinese versions should be:（1） 这场战争将成为这一代人所经历的最重大的事件。（2） 现在的情况完全不同了。（3） 有些未获准参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。（4） 如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。（5） 丽泰海华丝的遭遇算最惨的了。（6） 弥天大谎！我只字不信。（7） 去年12月，邮报首先报道调查工作已在那些城市里进行，但官员们拒绝证实这条消息。（8） 报道中对他的渲染减少了，不久就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。On the other hand，a Chinese word or phrase may have a variety of E

22、nglish equivalents according to different situations. Lets take the Chinese expression“情况”for example： 在这种情况下 under such circumstances （such being the case） 这种情况必须改变。 This state of affairs must change. 现在的情况不同了。 Now things are different. 他们的情况怎么样？How do matters stand with them? 前线有什么情况？ How is the s

23、ituation at the front? 我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。 We may go there，but that depends.Apparently, no fixed pattern of word-for-word transformation is available to either English-Chinese or Chinese-English translation.I. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word LevelFrom the above illustrations we may c

24、ome to realize that in most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation，nor are there fixed rules for word transformation. Generally speaking，the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level may be categorized as follows：1. Word-for-Word CorrespondenceThis is most evident

25、ly shown in proper nouns and technical terms. For example： Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin = 阿斯匹林 激光 = laser 白血病 leukemia2. One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same MeaningThis is a common case in translation. For example： wife： 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人 potato： 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋 人：human being，man，people, p

26、erson. 犬：dog，hound，spaniel, mastiff，pointer，setter，retriever，terrier.3. One Word with Several Equivalents of Different MeaningsThis is also very common in translation. For example： cousin：堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿 president：总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长 carry：搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、接、抱、端、举、夹、捧 走：walk，saunte

27、r, amble，stride，trudge，trapes，shamble，prance，scamper，clump，tiptoe. 机：machine，engine，plane，aircraft. 羊：sheep，goat, ram, ewe, lamb.4. Equivalents Interwoven with One AnotherIn this case, a certain word may be treated differently according to various circumstances or collocations. For example：5. Words

28、without EquivalentsIn this case，an explanation is given instead of an equivalent. For example： teenager：13至19岁的青少年 prey：被捕食的动物 clock-watcher：老是看钟等下班的人 阴：（in Chinese thought）the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the word 阳：( in Chinese thought) the strong, active, male principle or force in the world 目不识丁：( not know one s)II. Methods of Dis