英语模块56语法复习.docx

1、英语模块56语法复习Unit17 过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示动作在过去的某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一时间。过去完成进行时的构成为“had been + 现在分词”。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以某一特定的过去时间为前提。如： He had been living here before he went to Shanghai. 他去上海之前，一直住在这里。 使用过去完成进行时时，应注意和其它时态的区别：1. 过去完成进行时与过去完成时 过去完成进行时强调动作在过去某一特定时间之前开始，到这一时间仍在进行；而过去完成时则强调动作在过去某一动作或时间之前已经完成。如： I ha

2、d been waiting in the room for half an hour before she called me in. 她叫我进去之前我已经在房间里等了半个小时。（一直在等） He had already had the breakfast before we came. 我们来之前他已经吃过早餐了。（动作已经结束）2. 过去完成进行时与过去进行时 过去完成进行时强调动作在过去某一时刻之前一直在持续；而过去进行时强调的是在过去某一时刻正在进行。如： Last night I had been reading a novel when the bell rang. 昨天晚上铃响

3、之前，我一直在读一本小说。（一直在读） Last night I was reading a novel when the bell rang. 昨天晚上铃响时，我正在读一本小说。（当时正在读）3. 过去完成进行时与现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时是以“过去”某一事件为前提；而现在完成进行时是以“现在”为前提的。如： She had been waiting for you when I met her. 我遇见她的时候，她还在等你。（直到那时） She has been waiting for you since you left. 你离开以后，她一直在等你。（直到现在）即学即练 从A、B、C

4、、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer? No, it _ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. have rained2. I have got a headache. No wonder. You _ in front of that computer

5、 too long.A. had worked B. are working C. have been working D. worked3. I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening. Impossible. She _ TV with me in my home then.A. watched B. had watched C. would watch D. was watching4. They became friends again that day. Until then, they _

6、to each other for nearly two years.A. didnt speak B. hadnt spoken C. havent spoken D. havent been speaking5. Did you see a man in black pass by just now? No, sir. I _ a newspaper.A. read B. was reading C. had read D. am readingKey: 1-5 CCDBB进行时态和一般时态请观察以下课文中的几个句子，并指出句中划线的动词所使用的时态。1. This story is ab

7、out a middle-aged man who was feeling very down.2. Everything had been going wrong for him.3. Im just finishing something.4. Ive been having a bit of a crisis.5. This time next week, Ill be arriving in New York. 归纳总结I. 以上五个句子都使用了进行时态，它们的基本构成如下表：现在过去将来进行时amis doingarewas doingwerewill be doing完成进行时ha

8、s beenhave doinghad been doingwill have been doing知识拓展 进行时态除了可以表示动作的持续性暂时性和未完成性，还有其它的意义：1. 动词 go，come，drive，fly，travel，arrive，leave，start等趋向动词的进行时态表示将来时，常有意图、打算、安排的含义。如： Mr. Smith is coming to New Jersey史密斯先生打算到新泽西州来。2. 句中若含有always, forever, again， all the time 等词或词组，用进行时描述一个频繁发生的动作或状态，表示说话人的赞赏或厌恶等情

9、感。如: He is always thinking of others. 他总是为别人着想。Tom is forever boasting 汤姆老爱说大话。II. 一般时态的构成如下表：现在过去将来一般do (es)didwll do即学即练 选择正确的时态：1. George! How are you? I havent seen / havent been seeing you for a long time.2. Sarah has been trained / had been trained / had been training for a long time before sh

10、e won the marathon.3. They drove / were driving when the accident happened.4. Hi everybody, I write / am writing this mail to introduce myself to you.Key: 1. havent seen 2. had been training 3. were driving 4. am writing如何“推断”策略回顾同学们，本单元我们来复习一下“如何推断”的阅读策略。在解答推理题时要以已知的事实为依据，来获得未知的信息。要善于用文章中明确的内容，进行正确

11、的推理，以挖掘作者的隐含意思。 实战演习 If you receive poor grades this semester, wouldnt you like to use a magic marker to change them into higher grades? I suppose every student would. Now lets imagine that you had that power. Would you use it? Some people in authority apparently(显然) have found such a magic marker,

12、and they are using it to raise our embarrassingly low national SAT scores. Some statistics show that in 1995 only 8.3 percent of students earned 600 scores, however, in 1996, it was about 21.9 percent of students who earned 600 scores. In the twinkle of the eye, we got another bonus (意外收获). It is ce

13、rtainly easier to give simpler tests than to do better teaching. And this is what had happened to the SAT. The test now is shorter and students have more time to answer fewer questions. This kind of SAT is a kind of grades inflation.根据上文，完成下列问题。 According to the passage, the author is _ about the pr

14、esent educational system.A. approving and pleasedB. disapproving and sarcasticC. delighted and surprised (B)Unit18 比较would和used toused to和would均可用来表示过去的习惯动作，两者多可互换。如： We used to / would go swimming every summer when we were children. 小时候我们每年夏天都去游泳。 但两者在用于表示“过去习惯”时，又有如下区别： 1. would只能用于表示多次重复的习惯性动作；us

15、ed to既可用于表示过去的习惯性动作，也可用于表示过去的状态。如： He is not what he used to be. 他不再是过去的那个样子了。 She used to have a Rolls Royce. 她过去拥有一辆劳斯莱斯。 2. used to不能跟表确定的时间段的状语连用，而would却可以。如： 不能说：He used to live in Beijing for twenty years. 应改成：He would live in Beijing for twenty years. 3. used to侧重过去与现在的对比，即过去有这样的习惯而现在没有了；woul

16、d表示反复发生的动作（如果某一动作没有反复性，就只能用 used to）,这种习惯可能现在还在继续。如： He used to get up at six every morning. 过去他每天早上都六点起床。（现在不这样了。） He would get up at six every morning and had a walk in the forest then. 那时候他总是六点起床,然后到森林里去散步。（现在是否还这样不得而知。） used to的否定式和疑问式 如：I used not to / usednt to / didnt use to like wine, but no

17、w Im fond of it. 我过去不喜欢喝酒，现在也贪起杯了。 Used there to be a hotel on that corner? 那个拐角过去有一家旅馆吗？ Did she use to live in Shanghai? 她在上海住过吗？【即学即练】 用would和used to填空。1. When working in the same office, we _ have coffee together.2. When he was young, he _ sleep late on Sundays, just as he does now.3. When she w

18、as sad, she _ sit in front of that mirror doing nothing.4. She doesnt write so often to her family as she _.5. They _ live near the mountain.Key: 1. used to / would 2. would 3. would / used to 4. used to 5. used towith复合结构作状语【观察】 观察下列句子的划线部分，然后说出它们的结构分别属于后面哪种简要形式。(1) He likes sleeping with the windo

19、w open.(2) He fell asleep with the light on.(3) With so many children laughing and talking, the room was lively.(4) With a nurse to look after his sick mother, he was able to go to work.(5) Miss Gao came into the classroom with a book in her hand.(6) The boy went out to play with his homework finish

20、ed.a. with + 宾语 + 现在分词 b. with + 宾语 + 介词短语c. with + 宾语 + 副词 d. with + 宾语 + 过去分词e. with + 宾语 + 形容词 f. with + 宾语 + 不定式Key: (1) e (2) c (3) a (4) f (5) b (6) d【及时点拨】 with复合结构可以由“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成，在句子当中作状语。该结构的非谓语形式的选用通常取决于结构中的宾语与非谓语动词的逻辑关系：1. 若表示主谓关系，用现在分词；2. 若表示动宾关系（或被动）用

21、过去分词；3. 若表示未完成的行为，常用不定式。【练一练】 根据汉语意思完成下列句子。1. 因为有许多工作要做，她没有时间休息。With a lot of work _ (do), she doesnt have time to rest.2. 问题解决了，我们都很高兴。With our problem _ (settle), we all felt happy. 3. 她离开了办公室，眼里充满了泪水。She left the office with tears _.4. 工作完成后，保罗回家了。With his work _ (do), Paul went home. 5. 她匆匆忙忙出去了

22、，门还开着。She went out in a hurry _.Key: 1. to do 2. settled 3. in her eyes 4. done 5. with the door open限定词限定词（determiner）是指在名词词组中对中心词起特指、类指、以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。英语中的限定词包括定冠词，不定冠词，零冠词；物主代词；名词所有格；指示代词；关系代词；疑问代词；不定代词；基数词；倍数词；量词等。限定词与中心词有着某种固定的搭配关系。现将这种搭配关系归纳如下：1. 只能与单数名词搭配的限定词 a(n), one, another, each,

23、 every, either, neither, many a, such a等只能与单数名词搭配。如： each worker，neither girl，many a chair 2. 只能与复数名词搭配的限定词 both, two, three, another two / three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of等只能与复数名词搭配。如： another two teachers，(a) few words，a number of apples3. 只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词 a (little)

24、bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much, less, (the) least等只能与不可数名词搭配。如： a bit of bread，a large amount of water，less oil 4. 能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词 the first, the second, the last, the next等既可以与单数名词搭配，也可以与复数名词搭配。如: the first boy(s)，the last worker(s)，the next meeting(s) 5. 能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配

25、的限定词this, that等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配。如：this / that girl this / that work6. 能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词 a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, such, other等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭配。如： a lot of students / water, more workers / work, such books / rice 【小试】 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. Why was there _ traffic on the

26、 streets on September 22 than on the other days?A. less B. fewer C. few D. little2. There are trees on _ side of the street.A. such B. both C. some D. each3. I saw _ cars outside our school.A. a little B. any C. lots of D. neither4. They gathered _ information before designing the measuring equipmen

27、t.A. a great many B. a fewC. a large amount of D. a number of5. The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have _ third one because _ second one is rather too small. A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; aKey: 1- 5 ADCCC完全倒装英语句子的倒装一般有两种情况，一种是语法结构的需要，另一种是修辞的需要。前一种情况倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误；后一种情况倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达

28、效果上的差异。下面我们谈一下在修辞中倒装所起的作用。1 承前启后 倒装可使前后两句的人或物衔接得更加紧密，起到承前启后的作用。 They broke into her uncles bedroom and found him lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室，发现他躺在地板上死了，头上缠绕着一条棕色的蛇。2 渲染气氛 在文学作品中，有时为了内容的需要或强调，常运用倒装来渲染气氛。如在一首题为“The Sea of My Hometown” 家乡的大海的小诗中：Without sho

29、es, I dance with it, 光着脚丫，与它共舞,My heart leaps up. 我心雀跃。Together with me since childhood, 自小它就伴着我。 is the sea of my hometown. 家乡的大海，Up and down, is the sea 波澜起伏的大海，always in motion, always the same. 永远跳动着，永远一样 在这首诗里，作者巧妙地运用了倒装（见黑斜体部分），首先写出了自己对家乡大海的依恋，接着又突出了未见大海而先见壮观的波浪起伏的景象，给人以美的享受。3 平衡结构 英语修辞很讲究句子的平

30、衡，以避免头重脚轻。如:A. A beautiful girl who is looking at the bright moon sits under that tree.B. Under that tree sits a beautiful girl who is looking at the bright moon.树下坐着一位美丽的姑娘,遥望着明月。 4 描写生动 表示方向的副词或拟声词置于句首，句子的语序用全部倒装，这样显得句子简洁明快，叙述或描述更加生动形象，增强了表达效果。如: Away went the car like a whirlwind. 汽车像旋风似的开远了。 总之，倒装是英语中一种重要的修辞手段。学好倒装句，不仅能提高我们对语言的欣赏能力，还能丰富我们的语言表达，使文章更加生动、流畅。“和一样”的as . asas + 形容词或副词原级 + as表示“和一样，像一样” 在否定句或疑问句中可用not as / so . as, 如They dont study so / as hard as any other team in school.在学校他们不如其他队学习努力。 当as . as 中间有名词时采用以下形式：as +形容词+ a(n) +单数名词as + many / much +名词如：This is as