科技英语翻译课件1.docx

1、科技英语翻译课件1Translation of Scientific and Technical LiteratureUnit One Definition EST English for science and technology 广义上来说，泛指一切论及或谈及科学或技术的书面语和口头语。具体包括：（一）科技著述、科技论文（报告）、实验报告（方案）等；（二）各类科技情报及其他文字资料；（三）科技实用手册，包括仪器、仪表、机械和工具等的结构描述和操作规程的叙述；（四）科技问题的会议、会谈及交谈用语；（五）科技影片或录像等有声资料的解说词等。Categories of EST1. Techni

2、cal words 使用范围局限于某些专业 例如chlorophyll叶绿素、photosynthesis 光合作用 局限于植物学 Motivator 操纵机构、操纵装置“、motor armature电动机电枢局限于机械学 专业词汇的翻译2. Semi-scientific words 半专业词汇是由普通词汇转化而来的 在不同的学科中具有不同的专业词义 Eg. Pencil; dress; carrier; operationPencil 通用英语中的词义 光学词义 “光线锥”，“光束” 热学词义 colour pencil “笔型温度计” 机械专业中 mental pencil “焊条”

3、气象学 pencil rocket (高空观测用的)“小型火箭”Dress 医学 “包扎”, “敷药” 农业 “培植(植物),整治(土地)” 冶矿 “选矿”Carrier 医学 “带菌者” Carriers of AIDS virus 机械 “托架” 海军 “航空母舰” 化学 “载体” Operation 数学 “运算” 计算机科学 “执行，操作” 医学 “手术” 军事 “作战” 商业 “(资金的)运用; 交易; 投机买卖”3. Phraseology of science 使用较正式的单词和习语 Eg. Commence; propagate; conducive; absorb 用法复杂多

4、样，且拼法生僻难记 Trees propagate themselves by seeds. Sound is propagated by vibrations. 这类词的翻译 三类科技词汇的使用频率广泛运用构词法，形成丰富多彩的专业词汇 Compounding Blending Affixation AcronymCompounding 传统的重要构词法 两个或两个以上旧词合成一个新词 合写式与分写式 Waterpower，hairline，heartman， hot press， waterproof 水力，游丝（细测量线），换心人，热压，防水的 Pulse-scaler 脉冲定标器 mo

5、vable-pionter indicator 动针式仪表 这种构词法在科技英语中常用的两个原因 Saucer-man; situation-room 一旦合成，意义固定 短小简炼Blending 混成法，拼缀法 取两个词中在拼写上或读音上比较合适的部分，其余部分除去 Brunch telex Teleprinter+ exchange 电传 biorhythm Biological+ rhythm生理节奏 Programatic Program +automatic Airveyor Air+conveyor 气压运送器 Landsat Land+satellite 陆地卫星Affixati

6、on 词缀法 利用词的前缀，后缀作为词素构成新词 英语词缀构词能力极强Semi- Semiconductor 半导体 Semicircle Semidiameter 半径 Semisynthetic 半合成的Micro- Microcomputer 微机 Microcopy 缩微 Microphone Micrometer 测微计Anti- Antibody 抗体 antiparticle 反粒子据统计，在科技英语中，用前缀micro构成的词有300多个，用semi或auto作为前缀的词汇也各有200多个，可见词缀法之于科技英语构词的重要Acronym 将某一词语组合中主要的词的第一个字母组成

7、新词 WTO 在科技英语特别是美国科技文献资料中，缩略词出现的频率很高 Eg. Laser Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ADP Automatic data processing 自动数据处理 DC Direct current 直流电 AC Alternating current 交流电还须注意的是，一种缩略形式，可能是好几个不同词或词组的共同的缩略形，翻译时必须依据上下文加以分析。 如APC，它可以是American Power Conference （美国动力会议） 的缩写 也可是adjustable p

8、ressure conveyor （调压输送机） 的缩写， 还可以代表automatic phase control （自动相位调整）或是automatic program control （自动程序控制）。 而AC在不同的语境中，则可有多达28个不同的意义，如：absorption coefficient （吸收系数）, adapter cable （适配电缆）, adjustment calibration （调整校准）, air condenser （空气冷凝器，空气电容器）, air conditioner（空调器）, analog computer（模拟计算机） 科技英语词法特点 最

9、显著的特点是nominalization 大量使用名词化结构 使行文简洁，表达客观，内容确切，强调存在的事实 A. Archimedes first discovered the principle that water is displaced by solid bodies. B. Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. A. The earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day t

10、o night . B. The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night . 复合句转化成简单句 To discover electromagnetic waveThe discovery of electromagnetic wave 电磁波的发现 To standardize the productThe standardization of the product 产品的标准化 To generate electricity by frictionThe generation of

11、 electricity by friction 摩擦生电广泛采用名词连用形式名词中心词前有许多不变形态的名词，充当其前置形容词修饰语。 Oil pump 油泵 Pressure difference 压强差 Water pump valve 水泵阀 100 watt light 100瓦灯泡 Power transmission relay system 送电中续系统采用以名词为中心构成的词组，表达动词概念 Make use of Pay attention to Obtain support from Keep watch over 密切关注 Make a claim to 要求，主张 H

12、ave a look at Give no evidence of 不足以说明EST 的句法特点1）广泛使用被动语态 The samples were all examined when they were unloaded. In some cases the packaging was inadequate, while in some cases the samples were not packed at all. In every cases where the packaging was faulty, the samples were spoiled, and in no cas

13、e were they properly labelled. This is probably a case of inefficiency on the part of the manufacturer, in which case the matter should be brought to their attention. 主要使用在以下情况（1）强调动作对象或结果，避免个人感觉和判断 可以让作者要强调的主题出现在句首 As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from

14、falling in. 一边钻井，一边下钢管，以防周围土层塌陷。（2）避免提到人时 科技作品要求尽量客观 被动语态正好可以避开人的主观因素 Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the electric machine. You must pay attention to the working temperature of the electric machine. The information about each characteristic was carried to the next station. Beari

15、ngs must be lubricated. （3) 使句子更简练 被动结构在很多情况下可使句子更为紧凑和简短 When the radiant energy of the sun falls on the earth, it is changed into heat energy , and the earth is warmed. 太阳辐射到达地球后就转化为热能，从而使大地暖和起来。（4）出于行文需要 有时由于全句或上下文的安排,用被动态比较便于表达 At the power plant the output voltage is stepped up by a transformer,

16、 which may raise it as high as 220 ,000 volts or more. 电厂输出电压,由变压器升压，可以升高到220 ,000 伏以上。 动作执行者transformer 后面有定语从句,用被动态使主句，从句分明，从句中的it 也较易处理。 句法特点2）长句使用较多 科技英语着重事实和逻辑的推导，因而往往需要采取一气呵成的方式，力求达到完整而充分的说明，这就得求助于复杂的和扩张的结构，使句子变得很长。在这类长句中，往往采用许多长句和短语，特别是非限定性短语。 This chapter shall attempt to look at some aspect

17、s of controller synthesis for the multivariable servomechanism problem when the plant to be controlled is subject to uncertaintyin this case, a controller is to be found so that satisfactory regulation occurs in spite of the fact that the parameters of the plant may be allowed to vary (by arbitrary

18、large amounts), subject only to the condition that the resultant perturbed system remains stable.句法特点3）广泛使用非谓语动词 大量使用非谓语动词，即不定式，分词，动名词及独立主格结构来代替从句或分句 Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise. 热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。 Vibrating objects produce sound waves, each vibration producing one sou

19、nd wave. 振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。 Numerical control machines （数控机床）are most useful when quantities of products to be produced are low or mediocre; the tape containing the information required to produce the part can be stored, reused or modified when required.中小批量生产时，数控机床是极为有用的。其记录着零件生产的有关资料的磁带，可储存起来

20、以供下次使用，必要时还可修改。EST的修辞特点 主要表现在时态的运用、修辞兵役法的选择和逻辑语法词的使用三个方面时态运用有限 EST所运用的时态大都限于一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时和一般将来时这几种，其他时态运用很少The simple present tense You will probably use the simple present tense in most of your scientific writings. This is because scientific textbooks often contain information about scientific

21、knowledge with no specific time reference. The simple present tense is used for making generalizations. It is the most commonly used tense in EST. Carbon dioxide consists of carbon and oxygen. It is a universal truth. It is true at any place on the earth, at any time (the past, the present or the fu

22、ture) and even at any point in outer space. Therefore, this universal statement is expressed in the simple present tense.The usage of the present simple it is used for regular actions and regular process 用来陈述有规律性的动作和有规律的过程 He studies physics six hours a week. It is used for general statement用于一般陈述 A

23、ction and reaction are opposite and equal. 作用力与反作用力大小相等、力向相反。 The earth rotates itself and around the sun.地球在自转的同时绕太阳公转。 It is used for factual statements and observations用于陈述事实和真实的观察结果 Put a straw in a glass of drinking water. Suck through the straw. The water goes up into your mouth. 把一根麦秆吸管插入一杯饮用

24、水中，通过吸管吮吸，水就会进入口中。 The moon rotates rather slowly and so one day on the moon is as long as two weeks on the earth. 月球自转得很慢，因此，月球上一天有地球上两个礼拜那么长。 On average, women live longer than men. 平均说来，妇女活得比男人长。 it can be used in descriptions of experiments Pucker up your lips and blow fast, and the air that pas

25、ses over your hand feels cold.缩拢双唇快速吹气时，你会感到吹过手面的空气是凉的。 The temperature rises until it reaches 100, but after that it remains constant. 水的温度一直升高到100度，此后却保持不变。The simple past tense and the present perfect tense The simple past tense and the present perfect tense are used in scientific statements to r

26、efer to the past. These past tenses are used frequently in histories of science and technology, some kinds of scientific and technical reports and scientific journalism (that is, news about science and technology). the use of the simple past it is normally used to describe actions which happened in

27、the past and are now finished. 通常用来描述发生在过去而现在已经完成了的动作 Nobel cut his finger on a broken glass jar and had the answer to his problem of how to pack his explosive. 诺贝尔被一口破玻璃缸割破了手指，因而想出了包装炸药的方法。 Notice that the simple past is often used in conjunction with a time-phrase that refers to the complete past.

28、 Eg. Solid layers of ice moulded the lakes and hills of Europe and North America millions of years ago. it is usually used in writing technical reports通常用来撰写科技报告 Here are the “notes” of a simple technical reports. 13/4/70 Royal and Brown collected samples of cement type 143 from World oil/purpose an

29、alysis of failure to solidify. 14/4/70 R and B analyzed the composition of the cement/no useful results. They heated the cement to 200/nothing significant. 1970年4月13日罗伊尔和布朗从世界石油公司搜集到143号水泥的样品目的分析不能凝固的原因。 1970年4月14日两人分析了该水泥的组成成分未获得任何有用的结果。他们把水泥加热到200度，未发现任何重要的线索。it is usually used to describe experim

30、ents用来描述实验 By dawn, Nobel, still in his night clothes, had made a new explosive. He put together the nitroglycerin with the collodion. Now the explosive was waterproof and could be handled more safely. 到黎明时分，诺贝尔制成了一种新炸药，当时他还穿着睡衣。他把硝化甘油与火胶加在一起。这样制成的炸药既防潮又可更安全地贮运了。 it is also used in making statements

31、 about the history of science and technology 也用来陈述科技发展史 eg. The discovery of explosives came late in mans history, long after the ship, the wheel and even atomic theory. Explosives were fist written about only 600 years ago. Some explosives, shot from wooden tubes, were reported in Chinese history durin