自考英美文学要点.docx

1、自考英美文学要点（10）强调结构1. 强调句的定义强调是有效地进行思想交流的重要手段之一。人们在交际过程中，为了使自己的思想能为听者或读者恰当的理解，必须突出重要的内容，这就需要运用强调的手段。2. 强调的构成在现代英语中，人们可以通过语音手段、词汇手段、语法手段来进行强调。（1）语音手段在口语中，人们可以根据交流的需要，通过语句重音来对不同的词语进行强调。例如 He speaks English well 这句话，可以通过语句重音来分别对不同的词进行强调：A：We need a good student to host the evening party.B：Well，he speaks E

2、nglish well. （侧重“他”）A：Hes been living in Canada for years.B：He speaks English well but his writing is not very good. （侧重“说”）A：He speaks fluent French.B：He speaks English well，too. （侧重“英语”）A：Do you think he is fit for the job？B：Certainly. He speaks English well. （侧重“好”）（2）词汇手段人们常用一些形容词、副词、否定词等词汇手段来较强

3、语气。例如：This is a most interesting TV play. 这是一部非常有趣的电视剧。Grace is tall，but Catherine is still taller. 格雷斯个子很高，但是凯瑟林个子更高。War and peace is the best novel that l have ever read.战争与和平是我曾经读过的最好小说。The last thing that a lazy student wishes is examination. 懒学生最不愿意的事情就是考试。At that very moment the policemen came

4、. 就在那时警察到了。I cant even remember the name of that old friend of mine. 我甚至连那位老朋友的名字都不记得了。Where in the world did you go just now ？ 你刚才究竟去哪儿了？What on earth are you doing？ 你究竟在干什么？Shes not in the least angry with me. 她一点也不生我的气。The president himself will chare the meeting. 总统将亲自主持这个会议。（反身代词作主语同位语表示强调）（3）语

5、法手段1. 用It iswasthatwho句型表示强调。被强调的部分（通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语）放在iswas的后面，如被强调的是人，则后面可用who，whom等代替。例如：He met an old friend in the park yesterday. 他昨天在公园碰见一个老朋友。上述句子可以通过强调句型对除谓语以外的不同成分进行强调。如：It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday. （强调主语）It was an old friend that/who he met in the park y

6、esterday. （强调宾语）It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday. （强调地点状语）It was yesterday that he met an old friend in he park. （强调时间状语）2. 用助动词do，does或did来强调谓语动词。例如：Do come early. 一定早点来。He did send you a letter last week. 他上周确实给你寄过一封信。Were pleased that she does intend to come. 她的确打算来，我们非常高兴。3

7、.用主语从句+BE+被强调部分，主语从句常用what引导。例如：John wants a ball. 约翰想要一个球。What John wants is a ball. 约翰想要的是一个球。Mary gives piano lessons every day. 玛丽每天教钢琴。What Mary does every day is （to） give piano lessons. 玛丽每天干的工作是教钢琴。4. 用修辞疑问句，表示强调。疑问句转用作加强语气的陈述句时，即可称为修辞性疑问句。需要注意的是：肯定的修辞疑问句其意义相当于强调的否定陈述句；而否定的修辞疑问句其意义则相当于强调的肯定陈

8、述句。如：Can anyone doubt the truth of his statement？ 谁能怀疑他陈述的真实性？ （ Surely no one can / would doubt it.）Who doesnt know the sun rises in the east？ 谁不知道太阳从东方升起？（Everyone knows）5 人们还可以通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语气的手段来进行强调。例如：Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国决不会第一个使用核武器。Only in this way can we ca

9、tch up with and surpass the worlds advanced level of science and technology. 只有这样，我们才能赶上并超过世界先进科技水平。Happy are those who are content. 知足常乐。1. It iswasthat 强调句型的强调部分必须是对 that / who 之后句子的某一成分表示强调，如果把 “It is （was）that ”去掉，该句应该意思完整，不缺任何句子成分。区分下例两句：It was 7 oclock when he came back. 他回来时7点钟了。（it指时间）It was

10、 at 7 oclock that he came back. 他是7点钟回来的。（强调句，强调at 7 oclock）只能由because引导，不能由since、as或why引导。例如：It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river. 正是由于水涨了，他们没有渡过河去。（不用because或since）3.注意 “ not until ” 强调句型的变化。比较下列三个句子：She didnt remember her appointment with the doctor until she had

11、 arrived home.It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.4. It iswasthat强调句型中，that作宾语时可以省略，例如：It was a new dictionary （that） Father bought for me. 父亲给我买的是一本新字典。Was it her （t

12、hat） you were talking about？ 你刚才是和她在谈话吗？5. 如果强调的是特殊疑问句，要用“特殊疑问词+is/was + it + that +”结构，表示“究竟是谁，到底在哪里”等等。例如：Who was it that you want to see？ 你究竟想见谁？Where was it that you saw the teacher？ 你到底在哪里看见老师的？Why is it that you want to change your mind？ 你究竟为什么要改变主意？I.单项选择 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳*：1. It _ M

13、ike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .A. was B. are C. were D. had been2. It was not until 1920 _ regular radio broadcasts began.A. which B. when C. that D. since3. She said she would go and she _ go.A. didnt B. did C. really D. would4. It was the training _ he had as a young man _ m

14、ade him such a good engineer.A. what； that B. that； what C. that； which D. which； that5. Were all three people in the car injured in the accident？ No，_ only the two passengers who got hurt.A. there were B. it were C. there was D. it wasII.句型转换 改写下列各句，强调黑体字部分：1. Bill made a kite at school yesterday.2

15、. John sells potatoes.3. The mother loves her baby dearly.4. I painted the door white.5. She left her gloves in your room.6. Mr Smith gave a new pen to me.*：I. ACBDDII. 1. It was Bill who made a kite at school yesterday.2. What John wants is a book.3. The mother does love her baby dearly.4. It was w

16、hite that I painted the door.5. It was in your room that she left her gloves.6. It was me that Mr Smith gave me a pen to.（21）省略句1. 省略句的定义省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。2. 小品词的省略（1）省略介词He spent four hours （in） going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。Ive studied Eng1ish （for） f

17、ive years.我已学五年英语了。（2）省略连词thatI believe （that） you will succeed. 我相信你们会成功的。Its a pity （that） hes leaving. 他要走，真遗憾。Im sure （that） she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。（3）省略关系代词Ill give you all （that） I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。He read the book （which） I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。3. 句子成分的省略（1）省略主语Beg your pardon. （我

18、）请你原谅。（Beg前省略了主语I）Take care！ 当心！（Take前省略了主语you）Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。（Looks前省略了主语it）（2）省略谓语Who next？ 该谁了？（Who后面省略了谓语comes）The river was deep and the ice thin. （ice后面省略了was）Well do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。（can后面省略了动词do）（3）省略表语Are you ready？ Yes， I am. 你准备好了吗？ 我准备好了。（am后面省略了ready）He was a

19、 lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。（had been后面省略了a lover of sports）（4）省略宾语Lets do the dishes. Ill wash and youll dry. 让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。（wash和dry后面省略了宾语dishes）（5）省略定语He spent part of the money， and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分，其余的他都存了起来。（the rest后面省略了定语of the money）（6）省略状语H

20、e was not hurt. Strange！ 他没有受伤，真奇怪！（Strange前面省略了状语how）1. 省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份What exciting news！ （= What exciting news it is！） 多么令人激动的消息啊！Pity hes failed. （= It is a pity that hes failed.） 很遗憾，他失败了。I like him more than her. （= I like him more than I like her.） 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。2. 英语中有一些固定的省略结构：a） 在以if， when， th

21、ough， as if（好象）等连词引导的从句中，如从句中的主要动词是be ，常将主语和动词be 省略。If necessary， we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。Whenever possible， he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。While cycling， dont forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。b） 由固定词组引导的疑问句：What about having a game of chess？ 下盘棋怎么样？How come they le

22、ft you alone here？ 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢？What if its raining？ 如果天下雨怎么办？Why not try again？ 为什么不再试试呢？c） 在口语中，为了避免重复，不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只留下不定式符号to.He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走，如果他愿意的话。Dont go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。3. 被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上，但有时省略结构已经定型，如果把省略部分补上，反而不合乎习惯。He is taller than I am. 他比我高。（am

23、之后省略tall，补上不合习惯）No parking. 禁止停车。（告示用语 = No parking is allowed here.）有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分：Not at all. 不用谢。No matter. 不要紧。Thanks. 谢谢。I. 改写句子 使用省略手段避免下面各句重复与冗赘：1. Someone has used my mobile phone， but I dont know who has used it.2. John worked hard but his brother did not work hard.3. I have lazy student

24、s and hardworking students in my class.4. Has he ever been abroad？ No， he has never been abroad.5. If it is necessary， we will finish it ahead of time.6. You must not be late and you must not be absent.7. Give me your name and address， please.8. It is well done.9. Mother can take a rest，Mother shoul

25、d take a rest but Mother wont take a rest after long hours of work.10.He could answer the questions very well if he would answer the questions but he didnt answer the questions.II. 单项选择 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳*：1. I wont do it any more. _？A. Why dont B. Why dont do it any moreC. Why not D. Why no

26、t to2. Although _ to stop， he kept on working.A. tell B. telling C. having told D. told3. Will you waste your time and money on that？ Certainly _.A. I not B. dont C. not D. no4. Mary didnt attend the lecture， did she？ Yes， she _.A. attended B. didnt attend C. didnt D. did5. Whats Joan doing？ _ newsp

27、apers in the room.A. She reading B. She readsC. To read D. Reading6. _ always succeed.A. Honest and clever students B. Students who honest and cleverC. Honest students and clever D. Students are honest and clever7. Can you climb that tree， my boy？ _ ？A. I B. Myself C. Mine D. Me8. Some people are ag

28、ainst the plan but _ support it.A. any more B. many more C. much more D. no more9. Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat？ Not at all. _.A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like to D. Id be happy to10. Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant？ _. Its too expensive.A.

29、 Why not B. I agree C. Im afraid not D. Im sure*：CDCDD ADBDC（6）不定式的构成1. 不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：主动式被动式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/1）不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。2）不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如：