英语语言学复习资料.docx

1、英语语言学复习资料语言学Linguistic各章重点，学习资料整理1.1What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.2Design features of languageArbitrariness任意性: The property of language by which there is in general no natural (i.e. logical) relation between the form of a single lex

2、ical unit and its meaning. Duality二重性Language consists of two levels of structures. The lower (secondary) level is a definite set of meaningless sounds, which combine to form meaningful units which constitute a higher (primary) level. Creativity创造性 Language is creative in the sense that its users ca

3、n understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.Displacement移位性 By displacement is meant that language can be used to refer to things that are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.1.3Functions of languageInformative信息功能 Language serves an informative functio

4、n when it is used to express the speakers opinion, to state a fact, or to reason things out. Interpersonal function人际功能 Language serves to establish and maintain social relations between people.Performative行事功能 Language can be used to do things, to perform action. e.g. “I surrender.” “Ill do it toni

5、ght.” “I declare the meeting open.” “ I sentence you to three years in prison.”Emotive function感情功能 The use of language to reveal the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. e.g. “Ouch!”, “Im terribly sorry about ” (alternatively called expressive function)Phatic communion寒暄交谈 The use of language to

6、establish or maintain a comfortable social contact between people without involving any factual content. E.g. greetings, farewells, and talking about the weather. Recreational function娱乐功能 The use of language for the sheer joy of using it. E.g. singing, poetry writing.Metalingual function元语言功能 The u

7、se of language to make statements about language itself. The language about which they are made is called the object language. 1.4What is linguistics? The scientific study of language.1.5MicrolinguisticsPhonetics语音学 The study of the nature, production, and perception of sounds of speech, in abstract

8、ion from the phonology of any specific language. Variously divided into acoustic phonetics, articulatory phonetics, and auditory phonetics.Phonology音系学 The study of the sound systems of individual languages and of the nature of such systems generally. Morphology形态学 Morphology is concerned with the i

9、nternal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning morphemes and word-formation processes.Syntax句法学 The branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.Semantics语义学 The study of meaning.Pragmatics语用学 The study of the meanings that s

10、entences have in particular contexts.1.6Language and cultureLanguage is an indispensable carrier of culture. Culture finds a better representation through language use.1.7Maximal Onset Principle (MOP)最大节前辅音原则Which states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into th

11、e onset rather than the code.1.8Important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive vs. prescriptive描写vs.规定 A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyzes linguistic facts observed; it is prescriptive if it lays down rules for grammatical correctness.Synchronic vs. diachronic共时vs.历时 The

12、 study of language as its exists at a particular point in time is synchronic. Langue vs. parole语言vs.言语 A distinction made by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure(索绪尔1857-1913). Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to th

13、e actualized language, or realization of langue. Competence vs. performance语言能力vs.语言运用 Competence is the speaker-listeners knowledge of his language and performance is the actual use of language in concrete situations.Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1.IPA：International Phonetic Association(国际语音学协会). 2.The th

14、eory of cardinal vowels Cardinal vowels: A set of vowels established by Daniel Jones as fixed and unchanging reference points for the description of vowels in any language. By convention, the eight primary cardinal vowels are numbered from one to eight: 8个基本元音：记住：p34, p35, p36三个表格。3. Phonemes and al

15、lophones Minimal pair最小对立体: Two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme) and which also differ in meaning. E.g. the English words bit and bet are a minimal paircomplimentary：4. Phonological process Assimilation同化: a process by which one sound takes

16、 on some or all the characteristics of neighboring sound. Assimilation is often used synonymous with coarticulation. If a following sound influences a preceding sound, it is regressive assimilation逆同化: e.g. can, tan, tenth, ninth, sink, mink, gooseberry, raspberry, cupboard, five pence, have to, used to, pan cake, sun glass. if a preceding sound influen