英语语言学复习资料.docx

英语语言学复习资料.docx

《英语语言学复习资料.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语言学复习资料.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

英语语言学复习资料

语言学Linguistic

各章重点，学习资料整理

1.1Whatislanguage?

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage

①Arbitrariness任意性:

Thepropertyoflanguagebywhichthereisingeneralnonatural（i.e.logical）relationbetweentheformofasinglelexicalunitanditsmeaning.

②Duality二重性Languageconsistsoftwolevelsofstructures.Thelower（secondary）levelisadefinitesetofmeaninglesssounds,whichcombinetoformmeaningfulunitswhichconstituteahigher（primary）level.

③Creativity创造性Languageiscreativeinthesensethatitsuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

④Displacement移位性Bydisplacementismeantthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsthatarenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

1.3Functionsoflanguage

①Informative信息功能Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtoexpressthespeaker’sopinion,tostateafact,ortoreasonthingsout.

②Interpersonalfunction人际功能Languageservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.

③Performative行事功能Languagecanbeusedtodothings,toperformaction.

e.g.“Isurrender.”“I’lldoittonight.”“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”“Isentenceyoutothreeyearsinprison.”

④Emotivefunction感情功能Theuseoflanguagetorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.

e.g.“Ouch!

”,“I’mterriblysorryabout…”（alternativelycalledexpressivefunction）

⑤Phaticcommunion寒暄交谈Theuseoflanguagetoestablishormaintainacomfortablesocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.

E.g.greetings,farewells,andtalkingabouttheweather.

⑥Recreationalfunction娱乐功能Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit.E.g.singing,poetrywriting.

⑦Metalingualfunction元语言功能Theuseoflanguagetomakestatementsaboutlanguageitself.Thelanguageaboutwhichtheyaremadeiscalledtheobjectlanguage.

1.4Whatislinguistics?

Thescientificstudyoflanguage.

1.5Microlinguistics

①Phonetics语音学Thestudyofthenature,production,andperceptionofsoundsofspeech,inabstractionfromthephonologyofanyspecificlanguage.Variouslydividedintoacousticphonetics,articulatoryphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.

②Phonology音系学Thestudyofthesoundsystemsofindividuallanguagesandofthenatureofsuchsystemsgenerally.

③Morphology形态学Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning–morphemesandword-formationprocesses.

④Syntax句法学Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.

⑤Semantics语义学Thestudyofmeaning.

⑥Pragmatics语用学Thestudyofthemeaningsthatsentenceshaveinparticularcontexts.

1.6Languageandculture

Languageisanindispensablecarrierofculture.Culturefindsabetterrepresentationthroughlanguageuse.

1.7MaximalOnsetPrinciple（MOP）最大节前辅音原则

Whichstatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecode.

1.8Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

①Descriptivevs.prescriptive描写vs.规定

Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalyzeslinguisticfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifitlaysdownrulesforgrammaticalcorrectness.

②Synchronicvs.diachronic共时vs.历时

Thestudyoflanguageasitsexistsataparticularpointintimeissynchronic.

③Languevs.parole语言vs.言语

AdistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure（索绪尔1857-1913）.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualizedlanguage,orrealizationoflangue.

④Competencevs.performance语言能力vs.语言运用

Competenceisthespeaker-listener’sknowledgeofhislanguageandperformanceistheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.

Chapter2SpeechSounds

1.IPA：

InternationalPhoneticAssociation（国际语音学协会）.

2.Thetheoryofcardinalvowels

Cardinalvowels:

AsetofvowelsestablishedbyDanielJonesasfixedandunchangingreferencepointsforthedescriptionofvowelsinanylanguage.Byconvention,theeightprimarycardinalvowelsarenumberedfromonetoeight:

8个基本元音：

记住：

p34,p35,p36三个表格。

3.Phonemesandallophones

①Minimalpair最小对立体:

Twowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesound（onephoneme）andwhichalsodifferinmeaning.E.g.theEnglishwordsbitandbetareaminimalpair

②complimentary：

4.Phonologicalprocess

Assimilation同化:

aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofneighboringsound.Assimilationisoftenusedsynonymouswithcoarticulation.

①Ifafollowingsoundinfluencesaprecedingsound,itisregressiveassimilation逆同化:

e.g.can,tan,tenth,ninth,sink,mink,gooseberry,raspberry,cupboard,fivepence,haveto,usedto,pancake,sunglass.

②ifaprecedingsoundinfluen