1、小学英语常用词评析小学英语常用词评析1. a little与a few few与 (a) little的区别(1)从所修饰的名词来看:(a) few后接可数名词,且要用复数形式;(a) little后接不可数名词。如:We had little time to do it. 我们没什么时间做此事。Theres only a little soup left. 只剩下一点儿汤了。He has few friends. 他朋友很少。Ill only be away a few minutes. 我只离开几分钟。(2)从所表示的意思来看:上面提到,两者均可表示数量,其主要区别是,(a) few后接可
2、数名词,(a) little后接不可数名词。但是,(a) little还可表示大小。如:Please accept this little gift请接受这件小小的礼物。There are several little towns along the river. 沿河有几个小镇。注意体会下面两句,前面的little表示形状或个子“小”,后面的little表示数量“少”:The little boy is very busy. He has little time to play. 这个小男孩很忙,他很少有时间玩。Its a little animal. It eats only a litt
3、le food. 那是一个小动物,它只吃一点点食物。(3)从各自的词性来看:在词性方面,两者的共同点是,均可用作形容词或代词;其不同点是,(a) little 还可用作副词,用以修饰形容词、副词、动词以及介词短语。如:He is a little tired. 他有点累了。They are a little bit better now. 现在他们稍好一点了。You should walk a little faster. 你应该走快一点。She was only a little over fifty years old她才五十多一点。 有 a 与没有 a 的区别不带 a 的little和f
4、ew 含有否定意义,表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”;带有a 的little和few含有肯定意义,表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”。比较:Few people like such things. 没什么人喜欢那样的东西。A few people like such things. 有少数人喜欢那样的东西。He knows little English. 他几乎不懂英语。He knows a little English. 他懂一点点英语。注意,当few前不带 a,但带有the, some these, those等修饰语时,也表示肯定意义。如:Some few have already
5、left. 有几个已经离开了。The last few winters have been very cold过去几个冬天都很冷。The first few chapters are about his early days前几章谈他的少年时期。 思维拓展注意两者比较级和最高级的用法及区别:little的比较级和最高级分别为less和least,few的比较级和最高级分别为fewer和fewest。如:Boys think less about dress than girls do. 男孩子不像女孩子那样爱打扮。He has the least money of all of us. 他是我
6、们大家中钱最少的。Fewer radios were sold this year than last. 今年卖掉的收音机比去年少。He tried to finish the work with least money and fewest people. 他设法要用最少的钱和最少的人去完成这项工作。2、look for与 findlook for,find,find out 这三个词都有“找”的涵义,但具体用法有别: (1)look for意为“寻找”,是有目的地找,强调“寻找”这一动作。如: What are you looking for? 你在找什么? Im looking for
7、my bike 我在找我的自行车。 (2)find意为“找到”“发现”,强调“找”的结果,其宾语往往是某个丢失的东西或人。如: Did you find Li Ming yesterday? 你昨天找到李明了吗? No,we looked for him everywhere,but didnt find him. 没有。我们到处找了,但没有找到他。 (3)find out着重表示通过理解、分析、思考、询问等“弄清楚”“查明”一件事情,其后的宾语常常是某个情况、事实。如: Please find out when the train leaves. 请查一下火车什么时候离站。3、turn on
8、与openturn on用于打开电源、电视、音响设备的开关,如turn on the radio .turn on the TV;open用于可打开的门、窗、盒子等, 如open the door ,等。一般可被open的,都是可开放可打开的,turn on 则是抽象的可打开,这个打开有“开启使之工作”的含义4、both与allall , both, 表示“都”,“全部”。 (1) both指两个人或物,而all指三个以上的人或物,在句中都可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语或定语。 Both of us want to go. 我们两人都想去。 All of us should work hard.
9、我们都应努力工作。 (2) both和all都可直接修饰名词;名词前如有限定词时,其前只能用both of或all of。 Both brothers are clever. 兄弟俩都聪明。 Both of the books are useful.两本书都有用。 (3) both和all在句中的位置是位于be动词之后,行为动词之前,如有情态动词或助动词,则位于情态动词或助动词与主动词之间。 We are all here. 我们都来了。 特别提醒 (1) both的反义词是neither, all的反义词是none。 Both of us are not doctors. 我们俩并非都是医生
10、。 (部分否定) Neither of us is a doctor. 我们俩都不是医生。(全部否定) All of the books are not helpful. 并非所有这些书都对人有帮助。(部分否定)5、voice与noisesound,noise和voice这三个名词都可表示“声音”,但是,它们表示的“声音”并不相同。(1) sound作“声音”,“响声”讲时,可以指人或动物发出的声音,或物体碰撞的声言。这个词的使用范围很大。可以说,大自然的任何“声音”都可以用sound。例如:At midnight he heard a strange sound.半夜里他听到一种奇怪的声音。
11、Light travels much faster than sound.光的传播速度比声音快得多。(2) noise意为“噪音”、“喧闹声”,常指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声。例如:Dont make any noise! 别吵闹!The noise wakes me up.噪音吵醒了我!The noise of traffic kept him awake.车辆的喧闹声使他睡不着。(3) voice一般指人的声音,说话、唱歌。谈笑都可用voice。sound和noise不仅能指人的声音,还可以表示别的动物发出的声音;而voice除了有时可指鸟的声音外,很少表示其它动物的声音。例如:The gir
12、l has a beautiful voice.那女孩嗓音很美。They are talking in low voices.他们正小声交谈。When the teacher came into the classroom,our monitor spoke in a loud voice,“Stand up!”老师走进教室时,班长大声喊:“起立!”6、by oneself单独,独力; 自行; 孑然一身; 各自与alone意思差不多。但不完全一致I do it by myself 我亲自做(强调亲自。没有别人帮助)I do it alone 我独自做的(强调独自,没有别人陪同)7、at的用法a
13、t(1)表示“几点钟”例如;at 7 oclock(2)表示“进餐时间”例如:at lunch/dinner/breakfast(3)表示一天中的某个时间点,如正午,日出,日落等。例如:at midnight at noon at sunrise(4)由表示“某一点”时间引申为表示“一就”这一概念。例如:She jumped with joy at the news.她一听到这个消息高兴的跳了起来。(5)固定搭配 例如:at Christmas为什么 I write at the park 这里为什么用AT 而 he is playing in the park这里为什么用INin表地点时,指
14、在某一立体空间范围内;表时间时,指一段时间或与年、月、季节时间连用。这里表示:某一立体空间范围内at表地点时,指空间位置上的某一点;表时间时,指在时间上的某一时刻。8、take用法作为动词,主要有以下几种用法: (1) 拿,取 I want to take some books to the classroom. 我想拿些书到教室。 (2) 吃,喝,服用,放 take this medicine three times a day. 每天吃三次药。 do you take sugar in your milk? 你喝的牛奶里放糖吗? (3) 乘车(船)等 shall we go there b
15、y bike or take a taxi? 我们是骑自行车去那还是坐出租车去? they usually take a bus to work. 他们通常乘公交车上班。 (4)常常和it连用,it在句子中作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式。翻译成“花费(时间、金钱)等” how long will it take you to do your homework every day? 每天做作业要花费你多长时间? it usually takes her 20 yuan to buy books every week. 每周买书通常要花费她20元钱。 (5)“做事情”, 常常和名词连用,表示
16、与该名词意义相关的动作 例如:take a walk散步, take a rest休息一下, take a look看一看等等。 构成常用的重要词组: take away 拿走 tom takes the knife away from the little boy. 汤姆从小男孩手里把刀拿走了。 take care (=be careful=look out) take care!the car is coming! 小心!车来了! take (good) care of (好好)照顾,照料 i can take care of the baby all by myself. 我自己能照顾这
17、个小孩。 (4) take down 取下来 take down the picture and put up the map of the world. 摘下这张图画,挂上一幅世界地图。 (5) take out 拿出 please take out a piece of paper and write down your names on it, ok? 拿出一张纸,在上面写下你们的名字,好吗? (6)take off脱下;飞机(等起飞) sorry! you have to take off your shoes before getting into the computer room
18、. 对不起,在进入微机室之前,先要把你的鞋子脱掉。 the plane is going to take off soon. 飞机马上就要起飞了。 (7) take ones time 别着急,慢慢来 please take your time!别着急,慢慢来! (8) take ones temperature 量体温 MingMing is ill. The doctor is taking his temperature now. 明明生病了,大夫正在给他量体温。9、make的用法make 是个及物动词,即vt. 后面必须接名词作为宾语。常见的短语有:make in/from 由.制造m
19、ake sb do st 让某人做某事make money 赚钱make out 理解make up 组成make of 由.组成10、do的用法does是do的单数第三人称形式。(1)作为行为动词,跟其他动词一样,如study, play等。他的意思是“做”等。如: We usually do our homework in the afternoon. He does his homework in the evening. Do ones homework做家庭作业 do the dishes洗碗碟Do shopping买东西 (2)作为助动词,也就是帮助主要动词构成否定和疑问等。 We
20、 dont like bananas. Do you like apples? Does he like English? He doesnt like swimming. 11、a hundred与hundreds of数 + hundred(hundred不能加s)+ 名词.例:Five hundred peoplehundred表示百,前加基数词,表几百,这时hundred不用加sone hundred 1百 five hundred 5百hundreds of上百的(hundreds 必须加s)例:hundreds of people are siting here.hundreds
21、of表,后直接加名词。注意!无 基数词+hundreds of用法。12、in,put on,wear,dress, have on, pull on 用法辨析都含有“穿、戴”之意,但用法不同。in是介词,后接表示衣服或颜色的词,着重于服装的款式或颜色。它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。例如: This is a picture of a young man in a black coat. 这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。这里in a black coat是young man的定语。 He is in a black nylon jacket today. 今天他穿着黑色尼龙夹克。 In
22、a black nylon jacket在这个句子里作表语。put on “穿上、戴上”,强调“穿”“戴”的动作,后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如: I want you to put on this coat and this hat. 我要你穿这件外套,戴这顶帽子。 Put on your heavy winter coat if you are going out. 如果你要出去,穿上你的厚冬衣。pull on的意思也是“穿上”,带有“匆忙”的意思: Its the weekend. I know youre free. So pull on your jeans and come out wit
23、h me. 现在是周末,我知道你有空。所以穿上你的牛仔裤,和我一起出去吧。Youre late! Quickly pull on your clothes and leave! 你迟到了!快穿上衣服走吧!wear “穿着;戴着”,表示状态,宾语可以是衣帽,也可以是饰物、奖章等。例如: Youd better wear blue or black pants with blown shoes. 穿棕色鞋子的时候, 最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。 Why does he often wear dark sunglasses? 他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜?dress的宾语通常是人,意思是“给穿衣服”。d
24、ress oneself 或 get dressed表示给自己穿衣服。例如: My son is now able to dress himself. 我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。 Its time to wake up and get dressed! 该起床穿衣服了。dress up的意思是“盛装打扮、乔装打扮”。 Id like you to dress up for my birthday party tonight. 今晚我希望你为我的生日派对打扮打扮。 Young kids often dress up and have fun at Halloween. 万圣节前夜,小孩子通常都乔
25、装打扮,玩得很开心。have on的意思是“穿着,戴着”,例如:If youre wearing black pants you should have on black shoes and a black belt. 如果你穿着黑色长裤的话,你应该要穿黑色的鞋子,配黑色的皮带。 Ill have on black pants and a gray shirt tomorrow. 明天我会穿一条黑色的长裤和一件灰色的衬衫。13、tooto与enoughenough.to 是说某人在某方面符合标准而能够去做某事而too.to 是说某人在某方面不符合标准而不能去做某事(1)too+adj./adv
26、. to+v.太而不能做某事 例:He is too young to go to school. 他年纪太小还不能上学。 (2)adj./adv.+enough to +v.足够而能做某事 例:He is old enough to go to school. 他足够大了能上学了/他已到了上学的年龄了。 (3)so +adj./adv.+that从句 如此以致 例:He is so old that he can go to school. 通常来说,这三种句型可用于同义句转换,具体如下: too.to. =not 反义词 enough to =so.that 否定句14、would lik
27、e与wantwant想,想要,及物动词 want sth想要某物(名词或代词作want的宾语)例:I want some tomatoes. want to do sth想做某事(动词不定式作want的宾语)例:He wants to see a film. want sb to do sth想让某人做某事(动词不定式做宾语sb的补定语)例:Teds father wants him to have two cakes.would like想,想要 would为情态动词,没有人称和时态的变化。 would like sth想要某物例:I would like some tomatoes. wo
28、uld like to do sth想做某事(动词不定式做would,like的宾语)例:I would like to see a film. would like sb to do sth想让某人做某事(动词不定式做宾语sb的补足语)例:Teds father would like him to see a film.由以上解析可以看出want=would like,只是would like的语气比want显得委婉,更适合服务场所。但在问句中,他们的表现形式却是迥异的。例如在疑问句的结构上: Do you want some tomatoes?(助动词do引导) Would you lik
29、e some tomatoes?(情态动词would提前) Does he want some tomatoes?(有人称和时态的变化) Would you like some tomatoes?(没有人称和时态的变化) What do you want? What would you like?15、have的用法have是一个用法相当广泛的动词。它不仅是一个实义动词,本身包含具体的词意“有”,还可以用作助动词。更重要的是have可以和很多单词构成短语。它的单数第三人称不像其它动词的第三人称单数那样,在动词原形后面加-s,它的第三人称单数是has。这个动词本身的词义是“有”的时候例如:(1)
30、I have a pen. (2)Michael has a new soccer.在由have作谓语的句子变疑问句或否定句时,在美式英语中,无论何种情况,都要借助于助动词do或does。例如:(1)Do you have a dictionary? (2)He doesnt have any coffee. 在英式英语中,现在时的否定句、疑问句通常不用助动词do而用have not- (havent any money ), Have you.?的形式,但最近受到美式用法的影响和一般动词一样,已渐有使用do的倾向。 have还可以和很多单词,特别是那些既是动词又是名词的词连用,构成很多短语,
31、其词意则是由与其连用的词语来决定,它的活跃之处也就在于此。例如:have a talk 谈话 have a tea 喝茶have a rest 休息一会儿 have a class 上课have的这类短语还有很多,这种短语还有自己的宾语或其它成分。 例如:What a nice photo! Let me have a look (at it).have还可以和表示疾病的名词连用,表示正在或曾经生过某种疾病。例如:have a headache 头痛 have a stomachache 胃痛;肚子痛have a sore throat 喉咙痛 have a cough 咳嗽 have a cold 感冒如果我们回答医生询问病情时,一般这样来回答:Whats the matter (with you)? I have a bad cold.注意:(1)have表示“有”的时候,是一个实义动词,所以否定的时候,要加助动词do,所以就是dont have
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