高中英语 句子的结构与成分.docx

1、高中英语 句子的结构与成分Lesson1一、句子的基本成分定义 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主语 谓语 定语 宾语 同位语 状语1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。 一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当，位于句首。1.The boy needs a pen. 2.Smoking is bad for your health.【练习】1.She went out in a hurry.

2、2.Four plus four is eight.3.To see is to believe.4.Smoking is bad for health.2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。由动词或系动词加表语担任，常置于主语后。简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成1.I saw the flag on the top of the hill?2.He looked after two orphans.复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词;1.He can speak English well.2.She doesnt seem to like dancing.3.The train leaves at

3、6 oclock.4.She is reading.动词分类：_3、宾语：表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。1.He won the game. 2.He likes playing computer.【练习】1.Show your passport, please. 2.She didnt say anything. 3.How many do you want? - I want two. 4.They sent the injured to hospital. 5.They asked to see my passport. 6.I enjoy working with

4、 you. 4、表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由名词或形容词担任，置于系动词之后。1.He is a student.2.We are tired.注意：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词: 等。2)表转变变化的动词: 等。3)表延续的动词: 等。【练习】1.The war was over.2.They seem to know the truth.3.Time is precious.4.That remains a puzzle.5.I dont feel well. 5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。1.The bla

5、ck bike is mine.（形容词）2.The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）3.I have nothing to do today.（动词不定式）注意：1、当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。I tell him something interesting. 2、不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 The boys who are in the room are playing games. 【练习】 1.He is a clever boy

6、. 2.His spoken language is good.3.There are 54students in our class.4.Do you known Bettys sister?5.He bought some sleeping pills.6、状语：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv. 及全句，位置灵活。状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。1)、修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；I am very sorry.2)、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。1.In order to cheer him up,

7、 I told him the truth.2.They are writing English in the classroom.3)、一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。1.We often help him. 2.He is always late for class.【练习】 1.I will be back in a while.2.They are playing on the playground.3.He was late because he got up late. 4.He often

8、went to school by bus. 5.Please call me if it is necessary. 6.This book is very interesting. 7、补语：补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。1.He made me sad.（形容词）2.She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式）3.The war made him a soldier.（名词）4.I find him at home.（介词短语）5.I saw a cat running along the wall.（分词）8

9、、同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。1.Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. 2.I myself will do the experiment.3.She is the oldest among them six.练习一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after c

10、lass.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist

11、.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is o

12、ur duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.四、课后练习(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do toda

13、ys homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dontB. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. DoB. usually C. goD. bus There wi

14、ll be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will beB. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. DidB. twinsC. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. TomB. didntC. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. wantB. to te

15、ll C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. WeB. hadC. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. isB. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. giveB. did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.AB CD People all over the world speak English. AB CD Y

16、ou must pay good attention to your pronunciation.A B CD How many new words did you learn last class?A BC D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? AB C D The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.AB CD They made him monitor of the class.ABC D Go across the bridge

17、 and you will find the museum on the left. A B C D You will find it useful after you leave school.A BCD They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.AB C D(四) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. A B CD Why is he worried about Jim?AB C D The leaves have turned yellow. A B CD Soon They all

18、 became interested in the subject.A B CD She was the first to learn about it. A BC D(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B CD What is your given name?A BCD On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B CD I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.A BCD The man downstairs w

19、as trying to sleep. AB CD I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!A BCD(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B CD He asked her to take the boy out of school. A B CD She found it difficult to do the work.A B CD They call me Lily sometimes. A

20、BC D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.A B CD Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? A BC D(七) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.A B CD Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B CD He began to learn English when he was eleven. A B CD The man on the motorbike was tr

21、avelling to fast. A B CD With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. AB CD She loves the library because she loves books. A BC D I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it.A B C D The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.AB CD(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell

22、us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?Lesson2二、句子的基本分类1、按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如： 1.Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。（说明事实） 2.The film i

23、s rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句：提出问题。有以下四种： a. 一般疑问句： Can you finish the work in time? b. 特殊疑问句： Where do you live? c. 选择疑问句： Do you want tea or coffee? d. 反意疑问句： He doesnt know her, does he? 3）祈使句：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如： Dont be nervous! 4）感叹句：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。1. 一般用感叹词how或what引导，how修饰形容词或副词，what修饰名词

24、。 2how引导的感叹句，基本结构是： eg. How beautiful the park is! 3What引导的感叹句：基本结构是： eg. What a nice girl (she is)! eg. What beautiful flowers they are! 注意：What感叹不可数名词时，名词前面不能加不定冠词a/an。eg. What a good news it is! 类似的有：What bad weather! What hard work! What delicious food! 等 What fine weather it is! =How fine the weather is!2、按其结构，句子可以分为以下三类：1）简单句：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。She is fond of collecting stamps. 2）并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。 The food was good, but he had little appetite. 3）复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。The film had begun when w