新目标英语中考第一轮复习8年级英语上册课本复习陕西省西安市.docx

1、新目标英语中考第一轮复习8年级英语上册课本复习陕西省西安市第二部分 新目标英语八年级第4讲 Book 1 Units 1-3词汇过关 1. hardly adv. 几乎不;几乎没有 e.g. I hardly know what to do. 我简直不知道做什么好了。 拓展 hardly是一个否定副词，表示否定意义。它通常位于实义动词之前，系动词、助动词、情态动词之后，常用来修饰表示能力的词，如can, could, be able to等，表示事实上不可能。句中有hardly就已经表示否定了，不再使用其他否定词。e.g. It hardly rains here. 这里几乎不下雨。hardl

2、y用在反意疑问句中时，附加问句用肯定形式。例如：e.g. It hardly rains here, does it? 这里几乎不下雨，不是吗？ 辨析 hard 和hardly. hard 和hardly形式上非常接近，但意义截然不同。 hard既可作形容词又可作副词。hard作形容词时意为“困难的；硬的；勤奋的；严厉的；苛刻的”。 hard作副词时意为“努力地；猛烈地；剧烈地”。 e.g. This ground is too hard to dig. 这块地太硬，挖不动（hard作形容词）。 They tried hard to succeed. 他们努力地工作以求得成功。（hard作副词

3、） hardly是副词，意为“几乎不；几乎没有”。 almost和否定词的组合可与 hardly互换。 e.g. Theres hardly any coffee left.=Theres almost no coffee left. 几乎没有剩余的咖啡了。2. time n. 次；次数(可数名词)e.g. How many times do you watch TV a week? 你每周看几次电视？拓展 time n. 时间（不可数名词） e.g. What time is it now? 现在几点了？辨析 sometimes, some times, sometime和some time

4、1sometimes adv. 有时候。表示动作发生的频率，用于现在时态或过去时态。e.g. He sometimes writes poems. 他有时候写诗。some times好几次。表示动作发生的次数。 e.g. He has been to Shanghai some times. 他去过上海好几次了。sometime adv.在某时；有朝一日。指将来或过去的一个不确定的时间。 e.g. Ill come to see you sometime next week. 我回在下周某个时候来看你。some time作名词词组时意为“一段时间”；作副词词组时指一个未定的时间，意为“某日；改

5、日”，常与将来时态连用。 e.g. I waited for you some time. 我等了你有些时间了。 联想 与time相关的短语 many times 许多次 several times几次 some times几次 next time下次 last time上次 another time另一次 3. help v. 帮助；协助 e.g. Can I help you? 我能帮你吗？ 拓展 help u. 帮助（不可数名词） with the help of sb.=with ones help 在某人的帮助下。 e.g. With the help of her, I worke

6、d out the math problem. 在她的帮助下，我解出了这道数学题。联想 help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事 help sb with sth. 帮助某人做某事help sb. out 帮助某人摆脱困境 cant/couldnt help doing阻止不了；控制不住 help yourself to随便吃或喝4. matter n. 事情；问题；差错可数名词，其复数形式为matters。 e.g. I have several important matters to ask you. 我有几件重要的事要问你。拓展 matter v. 关系重大；要紧。常

7、用于否定句和疑问句。 e.g. It doesnt matter. 没关系。 医生问诊常用语 Whats the matter (with sb.)? Whats the trouble? Whats wrong (with sb.)? Whats your trouble? 答语通常为I have a headache/stomachache/cold.等。联想 与matter相关的短语 （be）the matter with sb./sth. （不幸、痛苦、问题等的）原因、理由 no matter what/which/who/where/when/how 无论什么（哪一个、谁、何处、何时

8、、如何） 5. have v. 得（病）；患（病）have后跟不定冠词和表示疾病的名词，表示患某种病，不能用于进行时态。e.g. He has a bad cold. 他得了重感冒。拓展 v. 拥有e.g. Do you have a computer? 你有电脑吗？ v. 取得，吃喝玩乐e.g. I had a cup of milk for breakfast this morning. 我今天早餐喝了一杯牛奶。 v. 让，被e.g. My father had me stay at home. 我爸爸让我呆在家里。辨析 have 和there be1have用来表示各种关系的“所有”，身

9、上“具有（说明人或物的外观）”和整体与局部的“含有”。e.g. I have a good friend. 我有一个好朋友。 Does the book have a red cover? 这本书有个红色的封面吗？ She has a ball. 她有一个球。2there be表示存在的关系，表示某处有某人或某物时常用这种句型。e.g. There are two bikes under the tree. 树下有两辆自行车。 There are forty students in our class. 我们班上有40名学生。There is a ball on the desk. 在桌子上有

10、一个球。 There is going to be a football match between American and China in Beijing this evening. 今天晚上在北京将有一场中美足球赛。在there be结构中，如果主语不止一个，谓语动词往往和与之最近的主语在数上保持一致。e.g. There is a pen, two pencils and four books on the desk. 桌子上有一支钢笔、两支铅笔和4本书。 There are two maps and a picture on the wall. 墙上有两幅地图和一幅图画。3当表示整

11、体与局部的“含有”时或难以判断“有”是所属关系还是存在关系时，与均可使用。 e.g. A year has twelve months.=There are twelve months in a year.联想 have to(客观)/must(主观) 必须 had better (not) do 最好（不要）做某事6. advice n. 劝告；忠告；建议e.g. Can you give me some advice? 辨析 advice 和advise advice n. 劝告；忠告；建议（不可数名词）e.g. Let me give your a piece of advice. 让我

12、给你一个忠告。advise v. 劝告；忠告；建议e.g. He advised me to stop smoking. 他建议我戒烟。联想 give advice 提建议 take/follow ones advice 听从某人的劝告 ask for ones advice 征求某人的建议advise sb. to do 建议某人去做某事7. believe v. 相信；认为其反义词为disbelieve, believe的名词形式为belief，意为“信仰；信条”。e.g. I could hardly believe my eyes. 我几乎不能相信我的眼睛。 We believe th

13、at he is a thief. 我们认为他是小偷。拓展 believe不用于进行时态，其后接宾语时通常用否定转移。e.g. I dont believe he is at school. 我相信他没去上学。辨析 believe sb. 相信某人（所说的话是真的）；believe in sb.信任某人。e.g. I believe him, but I cant believe in him. 我相信他的话是真的，但我不信任他这个人。8. show v. 出示；把拿给看。show可用于以下两种结构：show sb. sth. 和show sth. to sb.e.g. Let me show

14、 you my new pictures.=Let me show my new pictures to you. 我把我的新照片拿给你看看。拓展 show还有“带某人到；送某人到”之意。e.g. Youd better show her around our school.你最好带她看看我们的学校。show 还可以用做名词，做“表演；展览”解。e.g. fashion show 时装表演联想 give sb. sth / give sth. to sb. 给某人某物lend sb.sth / lend sth. to sb. 借给某人某物send sb. sth/ send sth. to

15、sb 寄送9.decide v. 决定 e.g. Ive decided to stay at home. 我已经决定呆在家里。 拓展 其名词形式为decision,意为“决定；决心”。make a decision做决定。 decide to do sth.e.g. We decide to go to London next month. 我们决定下个月去伦敦。decide后还可跟“疑问词+不定式”作复合宾语。e.g. We cant decide where to go. 我们决定不了该去哪里。 decide on sth./ doing sth.e.g. Mary decided on

16、 that blue cap. 玛莉选定了那顶蓝色的帽子。They decided on going boating. 我们决定去划船。 decide that从句。e.g. He decided that he would buy a new car. 他决定想买一辆新车。联想 make up ones mind, settle, determine 决定；选定10.forget v. 忘记；忘却 e.g. Ive forgotten what her name is. 我忘了她名字叫什么。 拓展反义词为remember。 辨析 forget to do sth.和forget doing

17、sth. forget to do sth 忘记去做某事（动作尚未发生），而forget doing sth 忘记做过某事（动作已经发生）。e.g. Dont forget to turn off the light when you go out. 你出去时,别忘了关灯。 I forgot seeing you somewhere. 我忘记在哪里见过你了。联想 remember to do sth. 记着去做某事（动作尚未发生）remember doing sth 记着做过某事（动作已经发生） 短语突破 1look after=take care of 照顾；照看 e.g. Please l

18、ook after yourself and keep healthy. 请照顾好你自己，保持健康。 拓展 look at 看 look like看起来像 look the same看上去一样 look up查找，（顺便）拜访 look for寻找 look through浏览 look down upon/on轻视，看不起 look back回顾，回忆 look over仔细检查 look around到处看看look ahead为将来考虑 look forward to盼望，期待 联想 care about关心；在意 care for照顾；喜欢2be good for, 对有好处（有益）

19、e.g. Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 做早操对你的健康有好处。辨析 be good for, be good to 和be good at be good for 对有好处（有益），其反意短语为be bad for。e.g. Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 电视看得太多对你的眼睛不好。 be good to 对好，其反意短语为be bad to。 e.g. She is very good to us. 她对我们很好。 The boss is bad to his wor

20、kers. 那个老板对他的工人不好。 be good at +doing sth / sth (某人)在方面好；擅长，同义短语为do well in,其反义短语为be weak in “在方面弱”。 e.g. She is good at English and Chinese.=She does well in English and Chinese. 她擅长英语和中文。联想 be good with 意为 “灵巧的, 与相处得好”。 e.g. She is good with her hands. 她手很巧。 He is very good with the children. 他与这些孩

21、子处得很好。3lots of 许多 e.g. He has lots of friends. 他有许多好朋友。辨析 a lot of, lots of , many, much和 a lot a lot of=lots of可修饰可数名词和不可数名词，修饰可数名词时，可与many互换；修饰不可数名词时，可与much互换。一般情况下，a lot of/lots of用于肯定句。 many用来修饰可数名词，表示数目，其反义词是few；much用来修饰不可数名词，表示数量，其反义词是little。many和much除用于肯定句外，还可用于否定句和疑问句。 e.g. I have a lot of/

22、lots of books, but I dont have many bookshelves. 我有许多书，但没有许多书架。 a lot意为“非常；十分”，相当于much或very much。在句中作状语。e.g. I felt a lot better. (a lot=much) 我感觉好多了。 I like bananas a lot. (a lot=very much) 我非常喜欢吃香蕉。拓展 “许多”还可以表示为a lot of, a large number of, plenty of4too much 太多e.g. Maybe you have too much Yin. 或许你

23、吃了太多的阴性食品。辨析 too much,和much too too much “太多”，可以作主语，宾语，表语或状语。作定语时，用来修饰不可数名词。 e.g. I have got too much work to do. 我有太多的工作要做。 much too“太、非常、实在太”，副词短语, 用来修饰形容词和副词，但是不能用来修饰动词。e.g. Thats much too dear. 那太贵了。联想 too many “太多”,用来修饰可数名词复数。 e.g. They have too many rooms. 他们有太多的房子。5may be 可能是；也许是 e.g. This ma

24、y not be enough money. 这点钱也许不够。 辨析 may be 和maybe 在may be中，may是情态动词，be是动词原形，两者构成完整的谓语形式. e.g. He may be a soldier. 他可能是个军人。 maybe 是副词，意为“也许；可能”，在句中作状语，常位于句首。e.g. Maybe Ill go this afternoon. 我可能今天下午去。 maybe和may be 可相互转换。e.g. He may be in the office.=Maybe he is in the office. 他或许在办公室。联想 perhaps, prob

25、ably 可能，大概，或许6go camping 去野营 e.g. We are going to go camping in Yellowstone Park in summer. 今年夏天我们打算去黄石公园野营。 拓展 “go+ v-ing形式”表示体育运动或娱乐消遣，类似的短语有： go fishing去钓鱼 go bike riding骑自行车旅行go sightseeing去观光旅行 go hiking远足旅行go skating去滑冰 go shopping去购物go swimming去游泳 go hunting去打猎go boating去划船联想 go for a walk 去散

26、步 go to bed/work/school上床睡觉/去上班/上学 go on继续 go over认真看，复习 go through排练，从头练习 go home回家Hows it going? 情况怎么样？句型精析1. So maybe Im not very healthy, although I have one healthy habit. 因此或许我不是很健康，尽管我拥有一个健康的习惯。精析 although此处用作连词，意为“尽管；虽然”，引导让步状语从句。含有although引导的让步状语从句的复合句通常可以与but引导的并列句互换。e.g. Although I have m

27、any friends, I feel a little lonely sometimes.= I have many friends, but I feel a little lonely sometimes. 尽管我有许多朋友，但是有时候我感到有点孤单。拓展 although或though和but，because和so，在汉语上常成对地出现，即“虽然但是”，“因为所以”，但是英语里不能这样连用。e.g. Although my father is very busy, he helps me with my physics. 尽管我爸爸很忙，他还帮助我学习物理。 As I was ill,

28、 I didnt go to school. 由于生病，我不能上学。2.Its easy to have a healthy lifestyle, and its important to eat a balanced diet. 拥有一个健康的生活方式很容易，均衡饮食很重要。精析 在该句中, 两个it均用作形式主语，真正的主语分别是动词不定式短语to have a healthy lifestyle和to eat a balanced diet。Its +adj.+ to do sth.是一个常用句型，意为“做某事是的”。类似的结构还有：Its +adj.+ for sb. to do st

29、h., 意为“对某人来说，做某事是（怎样的）”。e.g. Its polite to greet your teachers when you meet them. 遇到老师时打招呼是有礼貌。Its wrong to flight with others. 和别人打架是不对的。拓展 由动词不定式、动名词或从句担任主语的句子（谓语动词通常用单数），常用it来作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句子的后面。e.g. It helps him a great deal meeting with people from different parts of the country. 接触来自全国各地的人对他

30、帮助很大。 It is said that he has joined the Party. 据说他已经入党了。此外，it还可以做形式宾语。e.g. I find it interesting to remember English words. 我发现记英语单词很有趣。3.What are you doing for vacation? 你假期打算做什么？ 精析 询问对方对假期的计划和安排，用现在进行时表明事情的发生已经有迹象可寻，或者已经做好了计划安排，不能轻易变动。一般情况下指的是比较近的将来要发生的事情。e.g. What are you doing tomorrow? 你明天打算干什

31、么？拓展 表示将来的三种形式1用现在进行时表示将来。e.g. We are going to the zoo next week. 下周我们打算去动物园。2用be going to do表示将来。e.g. I am going to be a teacher when I grow up. 我长大后想成为一名老师。3用“will+动词原形”表示将来。e.g. He will go to Paris next month.他下月要去巴黎。4.Whats the matter? 怎么了？精析 常用来询问对方的病情或其他不好的情况，也可用Whats wrong?来表示，如要说明对象，则需要介词with。5Whats the