1、文档四英语专四常见词汇辨析英语专四常见词汇辨析1) describe, represent, sketch, picture这些动词均有“描写、描述”之意。describe : 侧重指描述细节,给读者或听众提供清晰的视觉图像。She described in detail their resisting the invaders.(她详细叙述了他们抵抗侵略者的事迹。)represent : 指有代表性或象征性地描述或讲述。The painting represents the scene of a bumper harvest.(这幅画描绘了丰收的景象。)sketch : 指快速地勾勒或概略地
2、叙述。The historical article sketched the major events of the decade.(这篇有关历史的文章概述了这十年中的重大事件。)picture : 着重能够栩栩如生地把事物或场景等描绘出来。The speaker pictured the suffering of the poor vividly.(演讲者很生动地描述了穷人的生活。)2)descend, drop, fall, sink这些动词都表示“落下,下降”之意。descend : 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。They descended the slope towards the ham
3、let.(他们顺坡下山, 向那个村子走去。)drop : 指物体从一定高度落下。The sky diver dropped toward the earth.(延缓张伞跳伞者降落到地上。)fall与drop同义,指突然或猛烈地降落,但fall也可指任何下落,同高度或形式无关。The leaves begin to fall when autumn comes.(秋天来临时, 树叶开始落下。)sink : 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。The ship struck against the rocks and sank.(那艘船触礁沉没了。)3)decide, determine, resolv
4、e, settle这些动词都含“决定”之意。decide : 侧重指经过思考、比较、讨论或询问之后做出的决定。You are the one to decide.(该由你来决定。)determine : 指经过深思熟虑,决心去做某事并坚持施行。The board determined company policy.(董事会决定公司的方针。)resolve : 语气较强,强调以坚定不移的信念去做或不做某事,暗含有远大抱负和坚强决心。The Cabinet met to resolve the crisis.(内阁开会, 寻求解决危机的办法。)settle : 指排除犹豫、怀疑和争论之后作出明确的
5、最终结论。The professor settled the argument with some convincing words.教授用令人信服的话解决的争端。4)deceit, deception, fraud这3个名词均含有“欺骗”之意。deceit : 指歪曲实情,惯于说谎或蓄意欺骗。The boys deceit made his mother very unhappy.(这小孩的欺骗行为使他母亲非常不愉快。)deception : 语气较弱,一般用词,侧重于具体的骗人行为。但有时并无欺骗行为,只是玩弄把戏,故弄玄虚而已。Nobody saw through Marys decep
6、tions.(无人看透玛丽的诡计。)fraud : 一般用于犯罪行为的欺骗,通常指政治或经济活动中的舞弊行为。He said he was an insurance salesman, but later she discovered he was a fraud.(他说自己是保险推销员, 但她后来发现他是骗子。)5)desire, wish, hope, expect, want, long这些动词都有“希望”之意。desire : 语气较正式庄重,着重渴望的力量与热切,常含有强烈的意图和目的。They greatly desired to come to China.他们非常想到中国来。w
7、ish : 语气较弱,多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。They informed him that they wished reconciliation.(他们告诉他, 他们愿意和解。)hope : 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。We have had no news from him but were still hoping.(我们没有他的消息, 但我们仍在希望着能有。)expect : 通常指有很大程度的把握,但仍含有预料之意,或预计某事或某行动的发生。We expect writers to produce more and better works.(我们期望作家们写出更多更好的作品
8、。)want : 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西,能弥补实际需要。Ive long wanted to come to your country.(我老早就想到你们国家来。)long : 语气强,指极殷切地盼望着,这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望,但含一定感情色彩。We are longing to see you.(我们极想见到你。)6)despite, in spite of, notwithstanding这些前置词或前置短语都含有“虽然,尽管”之意。despite : 书面用词,指不受某事或某种原因的阻碍,语气轻于in spite of。Despite the
9、 fact that she is short, she is an excellent basketball player.(尽管她个子矮, 却是个出色的篮球运动员。)in spite of : 在这些词中语气最强,可与despite换用,口语或书面语中均可使用。I went out in spite of the rain.(尽管下雨我仍然外出。)notwithstanding : 语气最弱,仅表示一种障碍的存在。He insisted on going to the football match, notwithstanding his doctors advice to the con
10、trary.(他不顾医生的劝阻, 坚持要去看足球比赛。)7)depart, leave, go, start, quit, set out这些动词均含“离开某处”之意。depart : 较正式用词,指经过周密考虑或郑重地离开,强调离开的起点。The train departs at 7:30.(这列火车上午7:30发车。)leave : 侧重出发地而不是目的地。Were giving him a party when he leaves.(当他离开时, 我们将为他举办一个聚会。)go : 一般用词,指从所在地到其它地方去,着重目的地而非出发地。She has gone to the stati
11、on.(她去车站了。)start : 可与leave换用,强调目的地,但不及leave普通。They started their journey home.(他们启程回家了。)quit : 侧重指离开令人烦恼的地方,或摆脱使人不快的人或事。If I dont get a pay rise Ill quit.(若不给加薪, 我就不干了。)set out : 书面用词。A visitor arrived just as we were setting out for the airport.(我们正要前往机场时来了一位客人。)8)delicate, fine, subtle这3个形容词均含“微妙的
12、,细微的”之意。delicate : 侧重指需要谨慎处理和对待。This has been regarded as a delicate subject.(这已被认为是一项棘手的问题.)fine : 隐含“不易察觉的”意味。The law makes fine distinctions.(法律做出细致的区别。)subtle : 侧重有洞察、领悟事物细微差别以及微妙关系的能力。Her whole attitude had undergone a subtle change.(她的整个态度发生了微妙的变化。)9)deliberately, on purpose上述用作副词的词和词组均有“有意地、故
13、意地”之意。deliberately : 指经过深思熟虑后而行事。I believe the house was deliberately set fire to.(我认为有人蓄意放火烧这幢房子。)on purpose : 侧重所作所为具有特殊目的。I sometimes think that all his supposed mistakes are made on purpose just to annoy me.(我有时认为他犯的那些被信以为真的一切错误是故意为了气我。)denote, indicate这两个动词都有“指示”之意。denote : 指用符号等表示。We often den
14、ote danger by red letters.(我们常常用红字表示危险。)indicate : 指用词语或标记表达较明确的意义。The sign here indicated where I should go.(这个标记指出了我该去的地方。)10)delay, postpone, defer, suspend, prolong, put off这些动词或短语动词均有“推延,延期”之意。delay : 普通用词,多指因外界原因推迟或耽误,也可指有意推迟。My delay in going abroad is due to my illness.(我推迟出国是因为我生病了。)postpon
15、e : 正式用词,语气较强,多指有安排的延期,常指明延期到一定的时间。They postponed leaving because of the weather.(他们因天气原因而延迟离开。)defer : 正式用词,语气强于postpone,多指故意拖延。The department deferred the decision for six months.(这个部门推迟了六个月才作决定。)suspend : 指暂时中断以待某种条件的实现。Both sides in the conflict have agreed temporarily to suspend hostilities.(冲突
16、双方同意暂时停火。)prolong : 指把时间延长至超过正常或通常的限度。Two countries prolonged signing an agreement until details could be agreed on.(两国推迟签约直到就细节达成协议。)put off : 口语用词,与postpone同义,但较通俗。The appointment was put off because of his illness.(由于他生病而推迟了约会。)11)defend, protect, safeguard, guard, shield, shelter, harbour这些动词均有“
17、保护、保卫”之意。defend : 普通用词,指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害,消除危险。用作比喻时,指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。The American navy would defend and patrol the Western Hemisphere.(美国海军将防御和巡逻西半球。)protect : 普通用词,指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。The troops were there to protect the townspeople.(部队驻扎在那里以保护市民。)safeguard : 语气强,指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。Their political
18、rights must be safeguarded.(他们的政治利益必须得到保证。)guard : 普通用词,指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。The soldiers guarded the prince whenever he left the palace.(每当王子离开皇宫, 士兵们都要保护他。)shield : 语气比protect强,但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。It occurred to me that perhaps he was trying to shield someone.(在我看来,可能他在试图保护某个人。)shelter : 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭
19、危害。He sheltered himself behind a hedge.(他躲在树篱后面。)harbour : 贬义词,指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。Its an offence to harbour the criminals.(窝藏罪犯是犯罪行为。)12)delegate, deputy, representative, agent, substitute这些名词有“代表、代理人”之意。delegate : 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。He is one of the delegates to the conference.(他是与会代表之一。)deputy : 指上级授权代理行事的代表
20、,特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。John will act as a deputy for me during my absence.(我离开期间, 约翰将代理我的职务。)He is one of the delegates to the conference.(他是与会代表之一。)representative : 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人,其职务有时是较长期的。A representative of the company will call on you to assess the damage. (公司的代表将前往贵处评估受损失的状况.)agent :
21、普通用词,通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体,或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。A commercial agent manages the business affairs of company.(商务代理人负责代公司处理商业性事务。)substitute : 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。If you cant find a ladder,use a strong chair as a substitute.(如果你找不到梯子,就用一把结实的椅子代替吧。)13)dedicate, devote这两个动词均有“奉献”之意。dedicate : 正式用词,指献身于某一崇高事业
22、或目的,也可指把著作题献给他人。The ancient Greeks dedicated many shrines to Aphrodite.(古希腊人以许多神殿供奉(爱与美的女神)阿佛洛狄特)devote : 普通用词,指决心把全部身心、精力、时间等献给某一目标,某一个人或致力于某一事业。He is devoting his ability in his station.(他在自己的岗位上默默地奉献自己的才华。) 14) deep, profound 这两个形容词都有表示“深的”之意。deep : 普通用词,指由上到下,或由表及里的深度,可指具体或抽象事物。The river is not
23、deep; we can walk through it.(这河不深, 我们可以涉水过去。)profound : 语气较强,较为庄重,多指抽象的事物,多用于比喻。I give you my profound thanks for saving my life.(我对您的救命之恩深表谢意。)15)decrease, diminish, lessen, reduce, dwindle这些协词的共同含义是“减少,变少”。decrease : 指逐渐地、不断地减少。Interest in the sport is decreasing.(人们对此项运动的兴趣已逐渐减退。)diminish : 侧重大小
24、数量和重要性的不断减小,强调减小的部分。We should try to diminish the cost of production.(我们应尽力减少生产成本。)lessen : 普通用词,与decrease近义。指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少。Listening to the speech through an interpreter lessened its impact somewhat.(演讲辞通过翻译的嘴说出来, 多少削弱了演讲的力量。)reduce : 普通用词,含义广。指数量、程度的降低或减少。The driver reduced the driving speed.(司机
25、减低了车速。)dwindle与decrease同义,指逐渐减小,但强调变得越来越少终至全无。The number of wild animals on the earth is dwindling.(地球上野生动物的数量正日渐减少。)16)deal with, cope with, dispose of, manage, handle这些动词或短语动词都含有“处理”,“对付”之意。deal with : 既可指处理具体事情,也可指处理或解决具有抽象意义的问题。He must deal with many difficulties.(他必须应付许多困难。)cope with : 指成功地处理或对
26、付更为重大,更为严重的问题或事物。I dont know how she copes with looking after her family and doing a full-time job.(既要照顾家庭又要工作, 我不知道她是怎样应下来的。)dispose of与deal with同义,普通用法。He doesnt know how to dispose of his spare time.(他不知如何打发空余时间。)manage : 指处理日常事务与工作,也可指经营管理。My son is a lawyer, so he manages all my legal affairs.(
27、我儿子是律师, 由他处理我全部的法律事务。)handle : 从原义“手柄”,转引申为作“处理”解时,其内涵是管理和操纵。His wise father knows how to handle him.(他聪明的父亲知道如何管教他。)17)deadly, fatal, mortal, lethal这些形容词均表示“致命的”之意。deadly : 指能致命或实际已致命的事物,也可指企图致死他人的人。She suffered from a deadly disease.(她患了绝症。)fatal : 正式用词,强调死亡的不可避免性,多用于指伤或疾病等。This wound is fatal to
28、his health.(这个伤口对他的健康来说是致命的。)mortal : 语气强,指导致死亡的直接原因。He received a mortal wound soon after the battle began.(战争开始后不久, 他就受到了致命的重伤。)lethal : 指由于某物本身具有致命的性能。A hammer can be a lethal weapon.(铁锤可以是致命的武器。)18)dash, rush这两个动词都有“冲,奔”之意。dash : 指以最快的速度向前奔驰。The horse dashed onward.(那匹马向前直冲。)rush : 指因急躁或事务紧急而采取快
29、速行动。Dont rush, take your time.(别急急忙忙的, 慢慢来。) 19)dead, dying 这两个形容词都有“死”之意。dead : 指已停止呼吸和心脏跳动,与alive(活着的,活的)相对。The baby was born dead.(婴儿生下时就已死了。)dying: 指奄奄一息,行将死亡。A man should study till his dying day.(活到老, 学到老。)20)dark, dim, black, gloomy, obscure, grey这些形容词都含有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”之意。dark : 最普通用词,指缺乏自然光线或
30、人工照明,使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。That was a dark, moonless night.(那是一个黑暗的、无月光的夜晚。)dim : 指光线不足或视力较差,不能清晰地看见物体。The light is too dim for me to read easily.(光线太暗, 我很难阅读。)black : 侧重颜色是黑色的,有时也指无光的黑暗。She has long black hair.(她有一头乌黑的长发。)gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。It is so gloomy in the room that you should turn on the l
31、ight.(房间内太暗, 你应该打开灯。)obscure : 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清,失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。The point of his speech is obscure.(他发言的要点模糊不清。)grey:侧重阴暗单调的意味。The day started out grey with a shower or two.(天破晓时阴沉沉的, 下了一两场阵雨。)21)danger, risk, hazard, menace, peril, threat这些名词均含有“危险、威胁”之意。danger : 含义广,普通用词,指能够造成伤害、损害或不利的任何情况。In case of danger, raise the electric alarm.(如果有危险, 就拉响电动警报器。)risk : 指有可能发生的危险,尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。You are taking a big risk driving so fast.(你开车这样快是在冒很大的危险。)hazard比risk正式,多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险,常含较严重或有一定风险的意味。He climbed into the car at the hazard of
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