中英文对照论文.docx

1、中英文对照论文中英文对照论文What is a scientific paper? A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished

2、” is equivalent to “non-existent.” 什么是科技论文,科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，以此向读者论述。论文是研究工作的中心部分。如果你的研究没有写成论文，也就等同于没有做研究。有意义但没有发表，等同于不存在。 Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective

3、 is not to “collect data.” 要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，从一些测试中得出结论，并把结论传授给别人。你的研究目的不是简单的收集数据。 A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed research program, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be im

4、mensely useful to you in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the research program. You should write and rewrite these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning, you will have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outlin

5、e. The continuous effort to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will be immensely more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data and only start to organize them when their collection is“complete.” 一篇论文并不仅仅是收集已经得到的研究结果，它也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架。如果明确了论文的目的，这对于

6、计划开展你的研究工作有很大益处。好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划;工作结束时，应充分的总结。最有效率的做法是及时的理解， 分析， 总结， 形成假说; 而不是等到完成时才开始收集和整理数据。 01 The reason for outlines. First emphasize the central place of an outline in writing papers, preparing seminars, and planning research. I especially believe that for

7、 you, and for me, it is most efficient to write papers from outlines. An outline is a written plan of the organization of a paper, including the data onwhich it rests. You should, in fact, think of an outline as a carefully organized and presented set o data,with attendant objectives, hypotheses and

8、 conclusions, rather than an outline of text. 为什么要写提纲,我在这里要强调提纲在论文写作，准备报告以及研究计划中的重要作用。我尤其相信按照提纲进行写作对我们大家都是最有效的方法。提纲是一篇论文的行文计划，应该包括论文所依靠的数据。 事实上，提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容， 而是按照目的， 假说， 结论来精心组织数据。 An outline itself contains little text. If you and I can agree on the details of the outline (that is, on the data and

9、 organization), the supporting text can be assembled fairly easily. If we do not agree on the outline, any text is useless. Much of the time in writing a paper goes into the text; most of the thought goes into the organization of the data and into the analysis. It can be relatively efficient to go t

10、hrough several (even many) cycles of an outline before beginning to write text; writing many versions of the full text of a paper is slow. 提纲本身应该文字简练。如果大家都同意提纲中的细节部分，那么正文组织起来就更容易。在我们就提纲达成一致以前，写正文是没有意义的。 写文章时，大部份时间花在写正文上;而大部份思考是用在整理和 分析数据。在动笔前，详细讨论几遍写作提纲会提高写作效率;写很多遍正文反倒很慢。 All the writing that I do -

11、 papers, reports, proposals (and, of course, slides for seminars)- I do from outlines. I urge you to learn how to use them as well. 我写的所有文章，包括论文，报告， 建议(当然还有讨论会的胶片)都从提纲开始。我也希望你们能学会 1 使用它。 How should you construct an outline? The classical approach is to start with a blank piece of paper, and write do

12、wn, in any order, all important ideas that occur to you concerning the paper. Ask yourself the obvious questions:“Why did I do this work?” “What does it mean?”“What hypothesis did I mean to test?”“What ones did I actually test?”“What were the results?”“Did the work yield a new method or compound? Wh

13、at?”“What measurements did I make?”“What compounds? How were they characterized?” Sketch possible equations, figures, and schemes. It is essential to try to get the major ideas written down. If you start the research to test one hypothesis, and decide, when you see what you have, that the data reall

14、y seem to test some other hypothesis better, dont worry. Write them both down, and pick the best combinations of hypotheses, objectives and data. Often the objectives of a paper when it is finished are different from those used to justify starting the work. Much of good science is opportunistic and

15、revisionist. 你应该如何起草你的提要,最经典的方法就是找一页空白的纸，以任何顺序，写下与这篇文章有关的所有重要观点。自问一些显而易见的问题:为什么我要做这项工作,它意味着什么? 我要验证哪些假设? 我究竟验证了哪些假设, 结果如何, 这项工作产生了新方法或新物质吗,都是什么,我都做了那些测试,什么化合物, 它们是如何表征的,展示相关的方程，图表和示意图。试着写出主要的观点。如果你的研究开始是为证实一个假设，然而当你发现你有的数据仿佛真的可以更好地验证其它的假设时，你也不必担心。把它们两者都写出来，去选择假设，目的和数据的最佳组合。时常，当一篇文章完成时，它的目的和开始 时是不同的。

16、许多好的科学来自机遇和反复修正。 When you have written down what you can, start with another piece of paper and try to organize the jumble of the first one. Sort all of your ideas into three major heaps (A-C). 当你已经写下你能写的，再拿出一页纸，试着草拟一份提纲。将你的观点分成三大类(见A,B,C) A) Introduction Why did I do the work? What were the central

17、 motivations and hypotheses? A)引言 为什么我要做这件工作，主要的目的和假设是什么, B) Results and Discussion What were the results? How were compounds made and characterized? What was measured? B)结果和讨论 结果是什么,化合物是怎样合成与表征的,测试方法是什么, C) Conclusions What does it all mean? What hypotheses were proved or disproved? What did I lear

18、n? Why does it make a difference? C)结论 所有这一切意味着什么,证实或否定了什么假设,我学到了什么,结果为什么与众不同, Next, take each of these sections, and organize it on yet finer scale. Concentrate on organizing the data. Construct figures, tables, and schemes to present the data as clearly and compactly as possible. This process can

19、be slow - I may sketch a figure 5-10 times in different ways, trying to decide how it is most clear (and looks best aesthetically). 接下来， 把每一部分再仔细组织。尤其是要集中整理数据。要尽可能把数据以清晰、紧凑的图表来展示。这个过程也许会慢些。我可能要用510次，而且是以不同的方式，来构思一张图，以便决定怎样它才最 清楚(而且看上去更加美观)。 Finally, put everythingoutline of sections, tables, sketche

20、s of figures, equations - in good order. 最后， 2 把所有这些3 points? What strategy did we use? 一般而言，引言应该包含以下几个要素: 工作目的。 对工作目的评价:该工作为什么很重要, 工作背景:谁做了什么工作,做得怎么样,以前我们做了哪些工作, 导读:读者应该注意该文章的哪些方面,有意义的要点有哪些,我们用到了哪些策略, Summary conclusion. What should the reader expect as conclusion? In advanced versions of the outli

21、ne, you should also include all the sections that will go in the Experimental section (at this point, just as paragraph subheadings). 总结结论。读者期望什么样的结论呢,在提纲的前几个版本中，你应该包括实验部分中涉及到的所有内容。(在这一点上，就像是段落的副标题)。 Results and Discussion. The results and discussion are usually combined. This section should be orga

22、nized according to major topics. The separate parts should have subheadings in boldface to make this organization clear, and to help the reader scan through the final text to find the parts that interest him or her. The following list includes examples of the phrases that might plausibly serve as se

23、ction headings: 结果和讨论。通常，结论和讨论是合在一起的。这一部分应根据主题来进行组织。分段应有黑体字的副标题，目的是使文章更有条理，能帮助读者清楚地通览全文，并找到他们感兴趣的内容。下面列举一些适合作副标题的短语: Synthesis of Alkane Thiols 烷基硫醇的合成 Characterization of Monolayers 单层膜的表征 Absolute Configuration of the Vicinal Diol Unit 邻二醇单元的绝对构像 Hysteresis Correlates with Roughness of the Surface

24、 滞后现象与表面粗糙度的关系 Dependence of the Rate Constant on Temperature 温度对速率常数的影响 The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with the Polarity of the Solvent 自交换速率随溶剂极化度而降低 Try to make these section headings as specific and information-rich as possible. For example, the phrase “The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases w

25、ith The Polarity of The Solvent” is obviously longer than “Measurement of Rates,” but much more useful to the reader. In general, try to cover the major common points: 尽可能使副标题具体并且内容丰富。例如，“The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with The Polarity of The Solvent”这个短语明显比“Measurement of Rates”长，但是对读者更有帮助。一般

26、来说，尽量概括该段落的共同点。 Synthesis of starting materials 4 初始材料的合成 Characterization of products 产物的表征 Methods of characterization 表征方法 Methods of measurement 测量方法 Results (rate constants, contact angles, whatever) 结果(速率常数，接触角，其它) In the outline, do not write any significant amount of text, but get all the da

27、ta in their proper place: any text should simply indicate what will go in that section. Section Headings Figures (with captions) Schemes (with captions and footnotes) Equations Tables (correctly formatted) 在提纲中，不要罗列大量的正文5 never come. 在一个项目开始时，就应该着手去写可能的论文提纲，而不要等到论文结束的时候。研究可能永远没有结尾可言。 - Organize the

28、outline and the paper around easily assimilated data - tables, equations, figures, schemes - rather than around text. 表格，方程式，图表，示意图，而不 整理提纲和论文要围绕易于接受的数据是围绕正文。 - Organize in order of importance, not in chronological order. An important detail in writing paper concerns the weight to be given to topics

29、. Neophytes often organize a paper in terms of chronology: that is, they recount their experimental program, starting with their cherished initial failures and leading up to a climactic successful finale. This approach is completely wrong. Start with the most important results, and put the secondary

30、 results later, if at all. The reader usually does not care how you arrived at your big results, only what they are. Shorter papers are easier to read than longer ones. 不是按照时间顺序, 而应按重要性来整理。论文写作的一个重要细节是要考虑各部分的权重。新手常常按照时间顺序来写论文:他们常常从珍爱的开始时的失败写起，直到最后的成功来叙述实验过程。这种方法是完全错误的。应该从最重要的结果写起，然后是较重要的结果。读者们通常不关心你

31、是怎么得到的结果，而只关心结果是什么。短文章比长文章更易读。 Some Points of English Style 英文文体上的一些要点: 1) Do not use nouns as adjectives: 不要将名词误用为副词: 不合适的: 正确的: ATP formation formation of ATP 生成ATP reaction product product of the reaction 反应产物 2) The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit

32、 在“this”后面必须接名词，这样“this”所指的对象就会更加清楚。 不合适的: 正确的: this is a fast reaction this reaction is fast 这是一个快反应 this leads us to conclude this observation leads us to conclude 这个观察结果使我们推断出 3) Describe experimental results uniformly in the past tense. 描述实验结果一律要用过去时态。 不合适的: 正确的: Addition of water gives product addition of water gave product 加水后生成产物 4) Use the active voice whenever possi