北美范文argument模版工具箱.docx

1、北美范文argument模版工具箱在准备argment的过程中，将北美范文中的攻击套路大概分了14类：1）调查问题，2）错误因果，3）差异概念，4）过去推将来，5）错误类比6）整体规律用于个体，7）单个事例说明整体，8）没有考虑其他影响因素，9）盈利问题，10）非充要条件，11）非此即彼，12）比例与总量混淆，13）对比实验问题，14）其他。并且将各类问题的段落进行了归纳和整理，下面就与大家共同分享这部分工作，希望能够对10G的兄弟姐妹有所帮助。（段落前面的序号是段落所在题目的通用题号）一.调查问题11.The mayorprovides no evidence that the survey

2、s respondents are representative of the overallgroup of people whose. 被调查者的代表性Lacking such evidence, it is entirely possible that people inclined to . were more willing to respond to the surveythan other people were. In short, without better evidence that the survey is statistically reliable调查的统计是可靠

3、的 the mayor cannot rely on itto draw any firm conclusions about.28. The number of participants, 100, might constitute an insufficiently small sample to draw any reliable conclusions about.Also, the sample might be unrepresentative of district studnets as a group.142.The author provides no evidence t

4、hat the studys results arestatistically reliable. In order to establish a strong correlation between dietary iron and heart diseases, the studys sample must be sufficient in size样本大小 and representative of the overall population of样本代表性 heart-disease victims.Lacking evidence of a sufficiently represe

5、ntative sample, theauthor cannot justifiably rely on the study to draw any conclusion whatsoever.144.The authors conclusions about.depend on the assumption that the poll results are statistically reliable. Yet, the author offers no evidence to substantiate this assumption.The author must show that .

6、 polled constitute a sufficiently large sample of .样本大小, andthis sample is representative of all such .代表性Otherwise, the author cannot confidently draw any general conclusions about.158.The Council has not convinced me that . in the survey are representative of .in terms of .It is entirely possible

7、that.The 300 people in the study are not necessarilyrepresentative of the states general populationin terms of . For example, perhaps.Or perhaps. In short, lacking evidence that. theCouncil cannot convince me that.174.The memo provides no evidence that theresults of either of the two surveys are sta

8、tistically reliable.Besides, the memo provides no information about what percentageof . responded to the surveys参加调查的人数比例，也是样本大小; the lower the percentages, the less reliable the results of the surveys.181.A final problem with the argument involvesthe two studies themselves. The letter provides no i

9、nformation about howeither study was conducted调查是如何进行的.Without konwing whether the sample of . was representative of代表性the overall . population ., it is impossible toconfidently apply the studies results to that population.Moreover, we are not informed about the size of thesample样本大小in either study;

10、 the smaller the sample, the less reliable the studysconclusion.186.A threshold problem with the argumentinvolves the statistical reliabilityof the survey.The director provides no evidence thatthe number of respondents is statistically significant 样本大小or that the respondentswere representative of .

11、in general代表性.Lacking information aboutthe randomness and size of the surveys sample,the director cannot make a convincing argument based on that survey.Even if the surveys respondents are representative of theentire population of ., the argument relies on the assumption that the responses themselve

12、s are reliable被调查者的可信性.Yet the director ignores the possiblilitythat.Lacking evidence that the respondents reports were bothtruthful and meaningful, the director cannotconfidently draw any conclusions about .from them.188.One problem with the argument is that since the studyinvolved only 48 people i

13、t is impossible to confidently draw any conclusions aboutthe general population from it.201.The survey must be shown to be reliablebefore I can accept any conclusions based upon it. Specifically, the responses must beaccurate, and therespondents must be statistically significantin number and represe

14、ntative of the overall 样本大小和代表性. interms of .Without evidence of the surveysreliablity, it is impossible to draw any firm conclucions about . based onthe survey.220.The articles author has not shown the study upon which theargument denpends to be statistically reliable.The people studied must be rep

15、resentativeof the overall population of people who.; otherwise the author cannot drawany firm conclusions about . based on the studys results.221.The survey that the argument cites ispotentially problematic in three respects.First, we are not informed whether the surveysrespondents were representati

16、ve of the overall population of . The smaller thesample, the greater the possiblity for biased results, and the less reliablethe survey.Second, . ; yet it is entirely possiblethat.Third, we are not informed that .;however, if. , then the survey results would be less reliable than if thesurvey embrac

17、ed a wider range of .The smaller the range the less reliable anygeneral conclusions drawn from the survey.二.错误因果3.The 15% decline that the author cites is not necessarilydue to the vocational preferences of new law-school graduates. It is entirelypossible that the number of new graduates preferring

18、to work forlarge firms has not declined, but that during the last three years Megalopolislarge firms have had fewer job openings for these graduates. Since the articlefails to account for this alternative explanation for the 15%decline, the articles author cannot make any sound recommendations to la

19、w firms based on thatdecline.19.Assuming that the Megalopolissuccess was infact due to DRs popularity there, the manager overlooks the possibility that AdLibs campaign hadnothing to do with that popularity. Perhaps the band recently becameoverwhelmingly popular due to a new hit song or a revival of

20、the type ofmusic DR plays. Eitherscenario, if ture, would serve to undermine the managers claim thatAd Libs efforts are to be credited for the Megalopolis success.26.The chairperson unfairly assumes that the three bandawards wereattributable to Schades abilities and efforts. Lacking evidence to conf

21、irm this assumption, itis entirely possible that Schade was not the schools bandinstructor when the band won these awards. Or, perhaps the band won all three awards early inSchades tenure, and his predecessor is to be credited. For that matter, perhaps it was theimproved quality of the bands musical

22、 instruments that should becredited for the awards. After all, the chairperson provides no evidence thatSchade wasactually responsible for this improvement. Without considering and ruling out otherpossible reasons why the band won the awards the chairperson cannot convince meof Schades abilities or,

23、 in turn, that he should be appointed to the districtjob.142.Even assuming that the study isstatistically reliable, a direct correlation between a high-iron diet andheart disease doesnot necessarily prove that the former causes the latter. While a highcorrelation is a strong evidence of a causal rel

24、ationship, in itself it is notsufficient. The author must also account for all other possible factorsleading to heart disease, such as genetic propensity, amount of exercise,and so forth. Lackingevidence that the heart-disease sufferers whom the study observed were similar in allsuch respects, the a

25、uthor cannot justifiably conclude that a high-iron diet is the primarycause, or even a contributing cause, of heart disease.Similarly, a correlation between a diet thatincludes large amounts of red meat and heart disease does not necessarily infer a causalrelationship.It is possible that red-meat ea

26、ters are comparativelylikely to incur heart disease due to factors that have nothing to do with theamount of red meat in their diet. Perhaps red-meat eaters are the same people whogenerally overeat, and it is obesity rather the consumption of red meatspecifically causes heart attacks. The author mus

27、t consider and eliminate this and otherpossible reasons why red-meat eaters are more likely than otherpeople to suffer from heart disease. Otherwise, I cannot accept the authors implicit claim thateating red meats is any more likely to cause heart disease than eating otherfood.156.The ad relies on t

28、he unsubstantiated assumption that theMega employees attending the seminar are positioned to influence Megas salesand its customer relations. Perhaps these new employees were hired forproduction, editorial, personnel positions that have nothing to do with customer relationsand that have only an indi

29、rect and negligible impact on sales. Without providingevidence that these new employees directly influence Megas customerrelations and sales, I cannot accept the argument that the Dickensseminar wasresponsible for any of Megas sales or customer-relationsimprovements subsequent to the seminar.173.The

30、 fact that the magazinespoorest-selling issues were the ones with international cover stories might be explainedby a variety of factors. Perhaps international events themselves were notas interesting during those periods. If so, it might be a mistake to refrain fromemphasizing international events w

31、hen those events are interesting enough tostimulate sales. Or perhaps the news magazine is seasonal, or cyclical, andthose particular issues would have sold more poorly regardless of the cover story. In short, withoutruling out other possible explanations for the relatively poor salesof those partic

32、ular issues the publisher cannot justifiably conclude that internationalcover stories werethe cause of the relatively poor sales.220.Even if the statistics citedaccurately reflect the amount of television people watch compared to the numberof fiction, itwould be hasty to infer based merely on this fact that thetelevision industry is more profitable than the