熊海虹主编研究生英语综合教程下-B翻译.pdf

1、Unit 1 To have a mind to do a thing is to foresee a future possibility;it is to have a plan for its accomplishment;it is to note the means which make the plan capable of execution and the obstructions in the way-or,if it is really a mind to do the thing and not a vague aspiration it is to have a pla

2、n which takes account of resources and difficulties.John Dewey 用心去做一件事，就是要预见未来的可能性，要为成功制定一个计划，要找到实施计划、避开障碍的方法或者是一颗真正做事的心，而不是一个模糊的愿望，是考虑了所有资源和困难的计划。约翰杜威 The Good Mind Is Flexible 优秀的头脑是灵活的优秀的头脑是灵活的 Edgar Dale 埃德加戴尔 1For many years we have talked about education in a changing society but have done lit

3、tle to educate for uncertainty.Perhaps the best insurance we can offer for this uncertainty is the presence of a good mind.To develop a good mind the student must learn how to learn and develop a taste for learning.The world of tomorrow needs flexible individuals,intelligently mobile individuals,ind

4、ividuals who can land on their feet when their jobs become technologically obsolete,individuals who can cope with the unexpected.1 多年来，我们一直在讨论日新月异的社会中的教育问题，却没有采取切实行动来教育人们如何应对变化。或许面对变化，我们的最佳保障是拥有优秀的头脑。要培养优秀的头脑，学生需要掌握学习方法，培养学习兴趣。未来的世界所需要的人才应该具备很强的适应能力，而且他们灵活而机敏，当其所从事的工作技术上落伍时，他们依然能够于逆境之中站稳脚跟，而且他们有能力应对

5、突发的意外。2To educate for flexibility we must distinguish between training and education.To train is to emphasize fixed responses,to stress immediate goals to the neglect of long-term growth.To educate,however,is to foster limitless growth,lifelong learning,to develop the good mind.2 要培养灵活的头脑，我们需要区别什么是训

6、练，什么是教育。训练就是加强固定的反应，重视即时目标，而忽略长远发展。教育则旨在促进无限的成长，鼓励终生的学习，培养优秀的头脑。3Mark Twains story about the cat is in order here.He said that a cat that jumps onto a hot stove will never jump on a hot stove again.Nor,he added,will she ever jump on a cold one.The cat can be trained but,contrary to what cat-lovers m

7、ay say,cannot be educated.3 这里刚好可以用上马克吐温讲的猫的故事。他说跳到热火炉上的猫再也不会往热火炉上跳。他还补充说，这猫甚至再也不会往冷的炉子上跳。猫可以接受训练，不过，与爱猫人士的说法相反，猫是无法被教育的。4The person educated for flexibility will see the world in a fresh,inventive way.Such a person is not chained to the immediate,the customary,the habitual,not dependent on someone

8、else to plan the route and show how to get there.Such persons will chart their own course.4 懂得应对变化的人看待世界的视角新颖、富有独创性。这样的人不会受到眼前利益、传统惯例、固定习惯等的束缚，他无需依赖外人为他设定路线，指明途径。这样的人懂得绘制自己的行程。5 To develop the flexible person with the good mind we must favor those learning experiences that have high transfer value t

9、o varied life situations.We must learn how to teach skills,attitudes,and concepts so that they not only meet current needs but can be generalized to future needs as well.5 为了培养具备优秀头脑和良好适应力的人，我们应该提倡那些能够适用于不同人生境遇、具有高“转移价值”的学习经验。我们必须学习如何传授技巧、态度和理念，使它们不仅可以满足目前的需要，还具有普适性，能够满足未来的需要。6、Education for flexibi

10、lity will certainly include guidance in the fine arts.If we accept Dewqs definition of art as the intensification of the ordinary,then the teachers task is to help learners turn the common place into the creative.Mel Strawn of Antioch College described this approach to learning as a heightening of t

11、he individuals perceptual awareness,an intensification of his sense of form.He sees more and comprehends more of what he sees.6 适应性教育无疑应该包含艺术教育。如果我们接受杜威的定义，认为艺术是“对平常事物的强化”，那么老师的职责应该是帮助学习者化平常为新颖。安条克学院的梅尔斯特朗将这种学习的方法描述为“提升个人的感性意识，增强对形式的领悟力。接受这种教育的人会于其所见之外有更多发现，更多感悟。”7 In Anne Morrow Lindberghs book,Hou

12、r of Cold,Hour of Lead:Diaries and Letters 1929-1932,she says that an experience was not finished until it was written or shared in conversation.She also makes the point that truth that is locked up in the heart-or in a diary-is sterile.It must be given back to life so that the hour of lead may be t

13、ransformed or transmuted into the hour of gold.The good mind is a sharing mind.7 安莫罗林德伯格在她的著作黄金之时，领路之时，19291932 年日记与信札中说，“一次经历只有在写下来或对别人述说后才能算结束。”她还说，“深藏在心中或日记里的真理是没有结果的。”真理必须重返生活，“领路之时”才可能被转换成黄金之时。优秀的头脑是善于分享的头脑。8 An inescapable element in education for flexibility is an attitude favorable to change

14、.This is hard to develop.It requires faith in oneself and in the future.Insecure people dread change.They walk backwards into the future,clinging anxiously and defensively to the past.8 无可否认，适应性教育的要素之一是欣然接受变化的态度。这种态度不易培养。它需要人们对自我以及未来充满信心。缺乏安全感的人害怕变动。他们倒退着走向未来，焦虑而防卫性地牢牢抓紧过去。9 Often such people think

15、they dont amount to much.They do not accept themselves and consequently do not accept others.Thus they remain either negative or emotionally immature in their outlook toward the future.Lacking insight into their own feelings of inadequacy and unimportance,they shrink their world to meager and manage

16、able proportions.They may wish to be more flexible,more open-minded,but they do not feel up to it.9 通常，这些人会认为自己微不足道。他们不接受自己，所以也不接受他人。他们展望未来时，要么态度消极，要么怀着幼稚的情感。他们无法洞察自身的欠缺感和自卑感，将自己的世界压缩到了便于掌控的狭小范围。他们或许希望能够为人更加灵活，思想更加开放，但是他们觉得自己力所不能及。10 What can the school and college do to build an attitude more favorable to unprejudiced examination of new ideas?Certainly they can and must develop the self-confidence of students,build them up with repeated success instead of constant failure.They can develop a gro