1、河南专升本考试英语语法系列复习专题非谓语动词非谓语动词(不能作谓语用)包括不定式、分词及动名词。一、 动词不定式 1常用形式:一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done 完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done 进行式to be doing2语法功能:可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语(即除谓语之外的各种成分)。例如: 1)主语:To master a foreign language is very important. 2)表语:My job is to drive them to the company every day. 3)
2、宾语:Do you want to visit the Great Wall? Can you give us some advice on what to do next?4) 宾补:The teacher advised us to have a rest first. I didnt notice them come in. 注:see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后(即不定式作主补时)要带to, 其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth. hel
3、p(帮助)后作宾补的动词不定式可带to,也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.5) 定语:不定式位于所修饰的名词,代词之后,如:Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in. 6)状语: in order to A目的状语:She reads China Daily every dayso as to improve her English. to 注:in order to 可以位于句首或句中,so as to
4、不能位于句首。B原因状语: Im glad to see you . 注:这种“be形容词不定式”结构,其不定式有时也可视为宾语,如:He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here. C结果状语:They lived to see the liberation of theirhome town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。 在“tooto”结构中表“太结果不能”,如:He is too weak to do the work.注:too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意,此时不定式不再表否定意,而表肯定意
5、。如:They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。 另外,too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时,不定式也表肯定意, 如:She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street. 在“形容词/副词enough不定式”结构中表“足以能”,如:He is strong enough to do the work .3复合结构不定式(for sb. to do sth.),可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。for 本身无意义,sb.可称之为不定式的逻辑主语。例
6、如:I think it necessary for him to go there at once.(复合结构不定式作宾语)注:当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,不用for, 而用of,如:It is kind of you to help me .(相当于You are kind to help me .)这类形容词有good,nice,kind,wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite(不礼貌)等。right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to d
7、o sth. 例如:Its right/wronggforhim to do the work alone.4疑问词不定式:可作主语、表语或宾语。如:How to finish the work in time is a problem.(主语)We dont know when and where to go .(宾语)5动词不定式的否定式(not to do sth.),语法功能同不定式肯定式。6不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:1)一般式:表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动作之后,或 没有时间限制。例如: They often watch us play table t
8、ennis.(与谓语动作同时) She hopes to go there again.(在谓语动作之后) It is necessary and important to read English every day.(无时间限制) The factory to make radios is over there.(无时间限制)2)完成式:表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:Im sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.3)进行式:表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时
9、发生。例如: She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.7不定式的被动式:名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时,一般用不定式被动式, 例如:What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long. 注:关于不定式的主动式表被动义用法参见动词时态、语态一讲。一、 分词1分词形式:有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式,现在分词则有:一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done,完成主动式having done,
10、完成被动式having been done2语法功能:在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。3现在分词和过去分词的区别:1)语态不同:现在分词表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如:the moving film 动人的电影,the moved girl 受感动的姑娘,a running machine 一台转动的机器, a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车 注:关于心理状态动词的ing形式表主动意,ed形式表被动意,详见该讲后的专题。 2)时间关系上不同:现在分词表正在进行的动作,过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。 例如:a developing country 发展中的国家,a de
11、veloped country发达的国家4现在分词的基本用法:1) 一般主动式用法:A作定语:The sleeping child is only five years old.(The child who is sleeping is)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(The girl who is writing a letter can)The factory making TV sets is very large.(The factory which makes TV sets is very
12、large.)B作表语:The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.C作宾补:学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。例如:We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Dont keep the students doing homework all day.注:上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程,而不是正在进行中的动作,而现在分词作宾
13、补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如:I heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing不可改为sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为singing) have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别:前者havelet, 后者have 有时表“keep”意,有时表“employ(雇用)”意。如:Ill have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去。Ill have him working in my compar
14、y.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。Dont have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。D作状语:时间状语:Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life.原因状语:Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday.方式或伴随状语:Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 2)完成主动式用法: 这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前,一般在句中作时间或原因状语用,不能作定语
15、用。例如: Having finished her homework,she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.3)一般被动式用法: 表示正在发生的被动动作,在句中作定语或状语。 例如:The car being repaired is mine.(The car which is being repaired is mine.) /Being repaired,the car cant be used.(As/Because it is being repaired,the car cant
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