证据的分析 Analysis of Evidence.pdf

1、This page intentionally left blankAnalysis of EvidenceThis is an enjoyable and rigorous introduction to the construction and criticismof arguments about questions of fact,and to the marshalling and evaluation ofevidence at all stages of litigation.It covers the principles underlying the logic ofproo

2、f;the uses and dangers of story-telling;standards for decision and the rela-tionship between probabilities and proof;the chart method and other methods ofanalyzing and ordering evidence in fact-investigation,in preparing for trial,and inconnectionwithotherimportantdecisionsinlegalprocessesandincrimi

3、nalinves-tigationandintelligenceanalysis.Mostofthechaptersinthisneweditionhavebeenrewritten;the treatment of fact investigation,probabilities and narrative has beenextended;and new examples and exercises have been added.Designed as a flexibletool for undergraduate and postgraduate courses on evidenc

4、e and proof,students,practitioners and teachers alike will find this book challenging but rewarding.Terence Anderson is Professor of Law at the University of Miami.He is anexperienced litigator and teacher of courses on methods of analysis,evidence andtrialpractice.Hiswritingsincludearticlesdevelopi

5、ngandillustratingtopicscoveredin this book.David Schum is Professor of Law and of Systems Engineering at George MasonUniversityandHonoraryProfessorofEvidenceScience,UniversityCollegeLondon.William Twining is Quain Professor of Jurisprudence Emeritus,UniversityCollegeLondon,anda regularVisiting Profe

6、ssor attheUniversityofMiamiSchoolofLaw.HiswritingsonevidenceincludeRethinkingEvidence(2ndedn.,CambridgeUniversity Press).Law inContextThe series is a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarly books that treat law andlegalphenomenacriticallyintheirsocial,politicalandeconomiccontextsfromavar

7、ietyofperspectives.Theseriesparticularlyaimstopublishscholarlylegalwritingsthatbringfreshperspectives to bear on new and existing areas of law taught in universities.A contextualapproachinvolvestreatinglegalsubjectsbroadly,usingmaterialsfromothersocialsciences,and from any other discipline that help

8、s to explain the operation in practice of the subjectunder discussion.It is hoped that this orientation is at once more stimulating and morerealistic than the bare exposition of legal rules.The series includes original books thathave a different emphasis from traditional legal textbooks,while mainta

9、ining the samehigh standards of scholarship.They are written primarily for students of law and of otherdisciplines,but most also appeal to a wider readership.Recent publications include bookson globalization,transnational legal processes,and comparative law.In the past,mostauthors have come from,or

10、been based in,Europe or the Commonwealth.In the future,wealsoexpecttopublishauthorsfrom,orbasedin,theUnitedStatesorCanada,particularlythose who adopt a clear transatlantic perspective.The books will include subject areasthat have a transnational significance,drawing on European as well as North Amer

11、icanscholarship.Series EditorsWilliam Twining,University College LondonChristopher J.McCrudden,University of OxfordBooks in the seriesAnderson,Schum&Twining:Analysis of EvidenceAshworth:Sentencing and Criminal JusticeBarton&Douglas:Law and ParenthoodBell:French Legal CulturesBercusson:European Labou

12、r LawBirkinshaw:European Public LawBirkinshaw:Freedom of Information:The Law,the Practice and the IdealCane:Atiyahs Accidents,Compensation and the LawClarke&Kohler:Property Law:Commentary and MaterialsCollins:The Law of ContractDavies:Perspectives on Labour Lawde Sousa Santos:Toward a New Legal Comm

13、on SenseDiduck:Laws FamiliesElworthy&Holder:Environmental Protection:Text and MaterialsFortin:Childrens Rights and the Developing LawGlover-Thomas:Reconstructing Mental Health Law and PolicyGobert&Punch:Rethinking Corporate CrimeHarlow&Rawlings:Law and Administration:Text and MaterialsHarris:An Intr

14、oduction to LawHarris:Remedies in Contract and TortHarvey:Seeking Asylum in the UK:Problems and ProspectsHervey&McHale:Health Law and the European UnionLacey&Wells:Reconstructing Criminal LawLewis:Choice and the Legal Order:Rising above PoliticsLikosky:Transnational Legal ProcessesMaughan&Webb:Lawye

15、ring Skills and the Legal ProcessMoffat:Trusts Law:Text and MaterialsNorrie:Crime,Reason and HistoryODair:Legal EthicsOliver:Common Values and the Public-Private DivideOliver&Drewry:The Law and ParliamentPicciotto:International Business TaxationReed:Internet Law:Text and MaterialsRichardson:Law,Proc

16、ess and CustodyRoberts&Palmer:Dispute Processes-ADR and the Primary Forms of Decision MakingScott&Black:Cranstons Consumers and the LawSeneviratne:Ombudsmen:Public Services and Administrative JusticeStapleton:Product LiabilityTurpin:British Government and the Constitution:Text,Cases and MaterialsTwi

17、ning:Globalisation and Legal TheoryTwining&Miers:How to do Things with RulesWard:A Critical Introduction to European LawWard:Shakespeare and Legal ImaginationZander:Cases and Materials on the English Legal SystemZander:The Law-Making ProcessAnalysis of EvidenceSecond editionTerence AndersonProfessor

18、 of Law,University of MiamiDavid SchumProfessor of Systems Engineering and Law,George Mason UniversityWilliam TwiningQuain Professor of Jurisprudence Emeritus,University College Londonwith online appendices atwww.cambridge.org/9780521673167by Philip Dawid,University College Londoncambridge universit

19、y pressCambridge,New York,Melbourne,Madrid,Cape Town,Singapore,So PauloCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building,Cambridge cb2 2ru,UKFirst published in print formatisbn-13978-0-521-67316-7isbn-13978-0-511-12725-0 Terence Anderson,David Schum and William Twining 20052005Information on this tit

20、le:www.cambridge.org/9780521673167This publication is in copyright.Subject to statutory exception and to the provision ofrelevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take placewithout the written permission of Cambridge University Press.isbn-100-511-12725-1isbn-100-521-67

21、316-xCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urlsfor external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,and does notguarantee that any content on such websites is,or will remain,accurate or appropriate.Published in the United States

22、of America by Cambridge University Press,New Yorkwww.cambridge.orgpaperbackeBook(EBL)eBook(EBL)paperbackTo our children and grandchildrenTo Anne,Carolyn,and PenelopeContents:summaryPrefacexviiAcknowledgmentsxxvTables of cases and statutesxxviiList of abbreviationsxxxii1Evidence and inference:some fo

23、od for thought12Fact investigation and the nature of evidence463Principles of proof784Methods of analysis1125The chart method1236Outlines,chronologies,and narrative1457Analyzing the decided case:anatomy of a cause c el ebre1598Evaluating evidence2249Probabilities,weight,and probative force24610 Nece

24、ssary but dangerous:generalizations and storiesin argumentation about facts26211 The principles of proof and the law of evidence28912 The trial lawyers standpoint315Glossary of terms and symbols379References388Index396ixContentsPrefacexviiAcknowledgmentsxxvTables of cases and statutesxxviiList of ab

25、breviationsxxxii1Evidence and inference:some food for thought1A.Introduction1B.Evidence and inference in non-legal contexts21.Whose baby I?The judgment of Solomon22.The intelligence analyst:an intelligence scenario“fromthe top-down”33.The doctor and the detective:Joseph Bell and SherlockHolmes8a.The

26、 doctor8b.The detective94.Generalizations and stories:Sams party10C.Evidence and inference in legal contexts101.Two murders10a.The murder of Y10b.Bywaters and Thompson102.Imaginative reasoning:The Nine Mile Walk113.Generalizations,stories,and arguments18a.Brides in the bath:closing speech18b.Huddles

27、ton v.United States19c.Miller v.Jackson204.Evidence from two causes c el ebres21a.Commonwealth v.Sacco and Vanzetti21b.People v.Simpson235.United States v.Richard Able236.Sargent v.Southern Accident Co.287.Whose baby II?Morrison v.Jenkins318.An investigation:basic concepts in analysis and evaluation

28、40 xixiiContents2Fact investigation and the nature of evidence46A.Introduction:connecting the dots46Post 9/11 investigation:an exercise52B.Fact investigation:generating dots and explanations forthem551.Types of logical reasoning and justification552.Abductive reasoning and the generation of a new id

29、ea563.Generating explanations for dots or trifles58C.On the credentials of evidence601.Evidential foundations of argument602.On relevance623.The credibility of evidence and its sources63a.Tangible evidence64b.The credibility of testimonial evidence65c.Ancillary evidence about testimonial credibility

30、attributes67d.Credibility petence704.On the probative force of evidence71D.A substance-blind approach to evidence713Principles of proof78A.Introduction:evidence in legal contexts78B.The Rationalist Tradition781.The tradition described792.Principles of proof,rules of procedure and evidence,andthe Rat

31、ionalist Tradition81C.Rationale87Notes and questions on rules of evidence concerningrelevance88D.Notes on terminology and inferential relationships90A preliminary exercise:State v.Archer(I)94E.Probative processes and logical principles961.Probative processes962.The logical principles983.Application

32、of the principles in legal disputes103The exercise continues:State v.Archer(II)109The Prosecutors standpoint1094Methods of analysis112A.Introduction112B.The methods and a protocol for their use113Contentsxiii1.Methods of analysis and analytic devices1132.A seven-step protocol for analysis:a generali

33、zed account1145The chart method123A.The chart method:an overview123B.The seven-step protocol for the chart method:a detailedaccount124C.The symbols and their use1341.The basic Wigmorean palette1342.The chart method illustrated1363.Additional symbols,conventions and their utility1404.Three advantages of symbols and charting141The exercise continues:State v.Archer(III)1431.Defense counsels standpoin