思潮英文终结阅读的烦人精你需要耐心看完这篇文章.docx

1、思潮英文终结阅读的烦人精你需要耐心看完这篇文章思潮英文|终结阅读的“烦人精”你需要耐心看完这篇文章原标题：思潮英文|终结阅读的“烦人精”，你需要耐心看完这篇文章TOEFL#托福阅读“烦人精”小结题近来有许多同学看到每篇阅读的最后一题，总处于要奔溃的边缘，甚至有的同学直接选择放弃，或不假思索地随便选。总的来说，同学们觉得最后的小结题是常考题型中最难的一类。小结题为什么让人觉得难？又是什么地方招人烦呢？造成部分同学放弃的原因是什么呢？归纳总结来看，原因大致有四个。1、阅读速度偏慢，前面的题目花了较长时间，导致小结题没有时间看；2、六个里面选三个，选择太多，选完一个还没分；3、没有总结每个段落的主旨

2、意思，也不想回文再核对；4、没有头绪，不知道怎么选择。可小结题是两分题，而且在整套中占分不少，同学们可不能放弃。阅读速度慢，需要将前面涉及的题型达到熟练程度，以便为后面的小结题留出时间。今天重点针对小结题做的方向，我们来看看能把这个题型拿下。首先，我们得清楚这个题型的要求，如下：Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.pletethe summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express th

3、e most important ideas in the passage.Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Thisquestion is worth2 points.Symbiotic relationships involve the interaction of two or more organisms acting as partner

4、s.题干中非常清晰地写明了三个正确选项的标准 “express the most important ideas in the passage”，而且错误选项也有特征 “express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage”总的来看，我们需要选的是总结句，也就是文章中出现过的中心句，而不能选择文章中未出现过的信息句或者次要信息句（例如举例部分，与主题不相关的定义等等）；而且， 题目下面有给出整篇文章的总结句，给我们点出了文章的讨论主体与讨论方向。综上所述，我们可以得出小结题的做

5、题方向：1、细节选项先排除；2、与整体讨论主体和讨论方向不一致的先排除；3、回文仔细核对文段主旨，匹配剩余选项。下面我们用一个实例来说明，先阅读以下篇章：Symbiotic Relationships (T17P3)A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species.Thereare three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, men

6、salism, and mutualism.Thefirst and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological munity; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite,

7、derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host.Parasitesare usually smaller than their hosts.Anexle of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host.Naturalselection favors the parasites that are best able to fi

8、nd and feed on hosts.Atthe same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for.Asan exle, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals).Invertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple d

9、efense against internal parasites.At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships.Forexle, Australia during the1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits.Therabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the

10、sheep and cattle industries.In1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population.Spreadrapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population.Thevirus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, howev

11、er, and it caused less and less harm over the years.Apparently,genotypes (the geic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite.Meanwhile,the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains t

12、hat could infect hosts but not kill them.Thus,natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.In contrast to parasitism, in mensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other.Fewcases of absolute mensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the par

13、tners will be pletely unaffected.mensalassociations sometimes involve one species obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another.Forinstance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle.Itis difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the

14、 relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized.The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are exles of mutualistic asso

15、ciation.Inthe first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic pounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it.Inthe second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and

16、the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.Anotherexle of mutualism would be the bulls horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America.Thetree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudo

17、myrmex.Theants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree.Theants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants.Theants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches

18、 it.Theysting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree.Whenthe ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to pete with surrounding vegetation for

19、light and growing space.The plex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highlights an important point about munities: Their structure depends on a web of pDirections: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.pletethe summary by selecting the THREE answer

20、 choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Thisquestion is worth2 points.Symbiotic relationships involve the interaction of two or more org

21、anisms acting as partners.Answer ChoicesA.Parasiticrelationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host.B.Mutualismordinarily involves an interaction between two members of the same species.C.Mutualismis unique among symbiotic relationships in t

22、hat it benefits both partners involved in the relationship.D.Parasiticdamage to Australian rabbits was never reversed because the rabbits were unable to adapt to the parasites attacks.E.Therarity of mensal relationships stems from the difficulty of finding relationships that benefit one species with

23、out affecting the other.F.The structure of biological munities depends on the types of relationships that exist among the species within.在做最后的小结题时，同学们一般是已经完成前面的十几道题，对文章已经有大致的了解，所以对六个选项中的细节选项应该比较清晰，我们可以按照步骤将此题解答完。01第一步排除细节选项； D选项中的“Australian rabbits”很明显是文章第三段中“for exle”中的内容，是文章中的例子，属于细节信息范畴，我们可以先排除此

24、选项。02第二步排除与整体讨论主体和讨论方向不一致的选项； A，B，C，E，选项中出现“Parasitic relationships”，“Mutualism”和“mensal relationships”刚好属于“Symbiotic relationships”共生关系三种分类，留下优先考虑，而F选项中的“structure of biological munities”与“Symbiotic relationships”关系上相对不明显，暂且先排除。03第三步回文核对A，B，C，E四个选项； A中“Parasitic relationships”出现在第二，三段，第三段为例子段，我们可以结

25、合第二段第一句 “Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host.”以及第二段第四句“At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for.”，得出A选项正确； B和C选项，涉及同一种关系“Mutualism”，通常在分类型文章中，讨论相同主体的选项

26、，有一个正确，另一个即为混淆视听的迷惑选项，先在文章中定位到第五段中第一句“The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are exles of mutualistic association.”，此段后面是三个cases,所以第一句为主旨句，从中可以确定C选项正确，而B选项中的“same species”并没有在文中涉及； E选项中“mensal relationships”定位到第四段一，二两句，意思相符，E正确； 因此，这个例子题答案为ACE；小结题做起来时间相对长，同学们需要有足够的耐心，特别是想要阅读高分的同学，小结题不能放弃。按照步骤练起来，“烦人精”小结题不烦人。返回搜狐，查看更多责任