思潮英文终结阅读的烦人精你需要耐心看完这篇文章.docx

思潮英文终结阅读的烦人精你需要耐心看完这篇文章.docx

《思潮英文终结阅读的烦人精你需要耐心看完这篇文章.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《思潮英文终结阅读的烦人精你需要耐心看完这篇文章.docx（7页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

思潮英文终结阅读的烦人精你需要耐心看完这篇文章

思潮英文|终结阅读的“烦人精”你需要耐心看完这篇文章

原标题：

思潮英文|终结阅读的“烦人精”，你需要耐心看完这篇文章

TOEFL

#

托福阅读—“烦人精”小结题

近来有许多同学看到每篇阅读的最后一题，总处于要奔溃的边缘，甚至有的同学直接选择放弃，或不假思索地随便选。

总的来说，同学们觉得最后的小结题是常考题型中最难的一类。

小结题为什么让人觉得难？

又是什么地方招人烦呢？

造成部分同学放弃的原因是什么呢？

归纳总结来看，原因大致有四个。

1、阅读速度偏慢，前面的

题目花了较长时间，导致小结题没有时间看；

2、六个里面选三个，选择太多，选完一个还没分；

3、没有总结每个段落的主旨意思，也不想回文再核对；

4、没有头绪，不知道怎么选择。

可小结题是两分题，而且在整套中占分不少，同学们可不能放弃。

阅读速度慢，需要将前面涉及的题型达到熟练程度，以便为后面的小结题留出时间。

今天重点针对小结题做的方向，我们来看看能把这个题型拿下。

首先，我们得清楚这个题型的要求，如下：

Directions:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.plete

thesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Some

sentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.This

questionisworth

2points.

Symbioticrelationshipsinvolvetheinteractionoftwoormoreorganismsactingaspartners.

题干中非常清晰地写明了三个正确选项的标准——“expressthemostimportantideasinthepassage”，而且错误选项也有特征——“expressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage”

总的来看，我们需要选的是总结句，也就是文章中出现过的中心句，而不能选择文章中未出现过的信息句或者次要信息句（例如举例部分，与主题不相关的定义等等）；而且，题目下面有给出整篇文章的总结句，给我们点出了文章的讨论主体与讨论方向。

综上所述，我们可以得出小结题的做题方向：

1、细节选项先排除；

2、与整体讨论主体和讨论方向不一致的先排除；

3、回文仔细核对文段主旨，匹配剩余选项。

下面我们用一个实例来说明，先阅读以下篇章：

SymbioticRelationships（T17P3）

Asymbioticrelationshipisaninteractionbetweentwoormorespeciesinwhichonespecieslivesinoronanotherspecies.There

arethreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:

parasitism,mensalism,andmutualism.The

firstandthethirdcanbekeyfactorsinthestructureofabiologicalmunity;thatis,allthepopulationsoforganismslivingtogetherandpotentiallyinteractinginaparticulararea.

Parasitismisakindofpredator-preyrelationshipinwhichoneorganism,theparasite,derivesitsfoodattheexpenseofitssymbioticassociate,thehost.Parasites

areusuallysmallerthantheirhosts.An

exleofaparasiteisatapewormthatlivesinsidetheintestinesofalargeranimalandabsorbsnutrientsfromitshost.Natural

selectionfavorstheparasitesthatarebestabletofindandfeedonhosts.At

thesametime,defensiveabilitiesofhostsarealsoselectedfor.As

anexle,plantsmakechemicalstoxictofungalandbacterialparasites,alongwithonestoxictopredatoryanimals（sometimestheyarethesamechemicals）.In

vertebrates,theimmunesystemprovidesamultipledefenseagainstinternalparasites.

Attimes,itisactuallypossibletowatchtheeffectsofnaturalselectioninhost-parasiterelationships.For

exle,Australiaduringthe

1940swasoverrunbyhundredsofmillionsofEuropeanrabbits.The

rabbitsdestroyedhugeexpansesofAustraliaandthreatenedthesheepandcattleindustries.In

1950,myxomavirus,aparasitethataffectsrabbits,wasdeliberatelyintroducedintoAustraliatocontroltherabbitpopulation.Spread

rapidlybymosquitoes,thevirusdevastatedtherabbitpopulation.The

viruswaslessdeadlytotheoffspringofsurvivingrabbits,however,anditcausedlessandlessharmovertheyears.Apparently,

genotypes（thegeicmake-upofanorganism）intherabbitpopulationwereselectedthatwerebetterabletoresisttheparasite.Meanwhile,

thedeadlieststrainsofthevirusperishedwiththeirhostsasnaturalselectionfavoredstrainsthatcouldinfecthostsbutnotkillthem.Thus,

naturalselectionstabilizedthishost-parasiterelationship.

Incontrasttoparasitism,inmensalism,onepartnerbenefitswithoutsignificantlyaffectingtheother.Few

casesofabsolutemensalismprobablyexist,becauseitisunlikelythatoneofthepartnerswillbepletelyunaffected.mensal

associationssometimesinvolveonespecies"obtainingfoodthatisinadvertentlyexposedbyanother.For

instance,severalkindsofbirdsfeedoninsectsflushedoutofthegrassbygrazingcattle.It

isdifficulttoimaginehowthiscouldaffectthecattle,buttherelationshipmayhelporhindertheminsomewaynotyetrecognized.

Thethirdtypeofsymbiosis,mutualism,benefitsbothpartnersintherelationshipLegumeplantsandtheirnitrogen-fixingbacteria,andtheinteractionsbetweenfloweringplantsandtheirpollinators,areexlesofmutualisticassociation.In

thefirstcase,theplantsprovidethebacteriawithcarbohydratesandotherorganicpounds,andthebacteriahaveenzymesthatactascatalyststhateventuallyaddnitrogentothesoil,enrichingit.In

thesecondcase,pollinators（insects,birds）obtainfoodfromthefloweringplant,andtheplanthasitspollendistributedandseedsdispersedmuchmoreefficientlythantheywouldbeiftheywerecarriedbythewindonly.Another

exleofmutualismwouldbethebull"shornacaciatree,whichgrowsinCentralandSouthAmerica.The

treeprovidesaplacetoliveforantsofthegenusPseudomyrmex.The

antsliveinlarge,hollowthornsandeatsugarsecretedbythetree.The

antsalsoeatyellowstructuresatthetipofleaflets:

theseareproteinrichandseemtohavenofunctionforthetreeexcepttoattractants.The

antsbenefitthehosttreebyattackingvirtuallyanythingthattouchesit.They

stingotherinsectsandlargeherbivores（animalsthateatonlyplants）andevenclipsurroundingvegetationthatgrowsnearthetree.When

theantsareremoved,thetreesusuallydie,probablybecauseherbivoresdamagethemsomuchthattheyareunabletopetewithsurroundingvegetationforlightandgrowingspace.

Theplexinterplayofspeciesinsymbioticrelationshipshighlightsanimportantpointaboutmunities:

Theirstructuredependsonawebofp>

Directions:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.plete

thesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Some

sentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.This

questionisworth

2points.

Symbioticrelationshipsinvolvetheinteractionoftwoormoreorganismsactingaspartners.

AnswerChoices

A.Parasitic

relationshipsinvolvetheinterplayofaggressionbytheparasiteandresistanceandadaptationbythehost.

B.Mutualism

ordinarilyinvolvesaninteractionbetweentwomembersofthesamespecies.

C.Mutualism

isuniqueamongsymbioticrelationshipsinthatitbenefitsbothpartnersinvolvedintherelationship.

D.Parasitic

damagetoAustralianrabbitswasneverreversedbecausetherabbitswereunabletoadapttotheparasites"attacks.

E.The

rarityofmensalrelationshipsstemsfromthedifficultyoffindingrelationshipsthatbenefitonespecieswithoutaffectingtheother.

F.Thestructureofbiologicalmunitiesdependsonthetypesofrelationshipsthatexistamongthespecieswithin.

在做最后的小结题时，同学们一般是已经完成前面的十几道题，对文章已经有大致的了解，所以对六个选项中的细节选项应该比较清晰，我们可以按照步骤将此题解答完。

0

1第一步

排除细节选项；D选项中的“Australianrabbits”很明显是文章第三段中“forexle”中的内容，是文章中的例子，属于细节信息范畴，我们可以先排除此选项。

0

2第二步

排除与整体讨论主体和讨论方向不一致的选项；A，B，C，E，选项中出现“Parasiticrelationships”，“Mutualism”和“mensalrelationships”刚好属于“Symbioticrelationships”共生关系三种分类，留下优先考虑，而F选项中的“structureofbiologicalmunities”与“Symbioticrelationships”关系上相对不明显，暂且先排除。

03

第三步

回文核对A，B，C，E四个选项；A中“Parasiticrelationships”出现在第二，三段，第三段为例子段，我们可以结合第二段第一句“Parasitismisakindofpredator-preyrelationshipinwhichoneorganism,theparasite,derivesitsfoodattheexpenseofitssymbioticassociate,thehost.”以及第二段第四句“Atthesametime,defensiveabilitiesofhostsarealsoselectedfor.”，得出A选项正确；B和C选项，涉及同一种关系“Mutualism”，通常在分类型文章中，讨论相同主体的选项，有一个正确，另一个即为混淆视听的迷惑选项，先在文章中定位到第五段中第一句“Thethirdtypeofsymbiosis,mutualism,benefitsbothpartnersintherelationshipLegumeplantsandtheirnitrogen-fixingbacteria,andtheinteractionsbetweenfloweringplantsandtheirpollinators,areexlesofmutualisticassociation.”，此段后面是三个cases,所以第一句为主旨句，从中可以确定C选项正确，而B选项中的“samespecies”并没有在文中涉及；E选项中“mensalrelationships”定位到第四段一，二两句，意思相符，E正确；因此，这个例子题答案为ACE；

小结题做起来时间相对长，同学们需要有足够的耐心，特别是想要阅读高分的同学，小结题不能放弃。

按照步骤练起来，“烦人精”小结题不烦人。

返回搜狐，查看更多

责任