思潮英文终结阅读的烦人精你需要耐心看完这篇文章.docx
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思潮英文终结阅读的烦人精你需要耐心看完这篇文章
思潮英文|终结阅读的“烦人精”你需要耐心看完这篇文章
原标题:
思潮英文|终结阅读的“烦人精”,你需要耐心看完这篇文章
TOEFL
#
托福阅读—“烦人精”小结题
近来有许多同学看到每篇阅读的最后一题,总处于要奔溃的边缘,甚至有的同学直接选择放弃,或不假思索地随便选。
总的来说,同学们觉得最后的小结题是常考题型中最难的一类。
小结题为什么让人觉得难?
又是什么地方招人烦呢?
造成部分同学放弃的原因是什么呢?
归纳总结来看,原因大致有四个。
1、阅读速度偏慢,前面的
题目花了较长时间,导致小结题没有时间看;
2、六个里面选三个,选择太多,选完一个还没分;
3、没有总结每个段落的主旨意思,也不想回文再核对;
4、没有头绪,不知道怎么选择。
可小结题是两分题,而且在整套中占分不少,同学们可不能放弃。
阅读速度慢,需要将前面涉及的题型达到熟练程度,以便为后面的小结题留出时间。
今天重点针对小结题做的方向,我们来看看能把这个题型拿下。
首先,我们得清楚这个题型的要求,如下:
Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.plete
thesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Some
sentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.This
questionisworth
2points.
Symbioticrelationshipsinvolvetheinteractionoftwoormoreorganismsactingaspartners.
题干中非常清晰地写明了三个正确选项的标准——“expressthemostimportantideasinthepassage”,而且错误选项也有特征——“expressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage”
总的来看,我们需要选的是总结句,也就是文章中出现过的中心句,而不能选择文章中未出现过的信息句或者次要信息句(例如举例部分,与主题不相关的定义等等);而且,题目下面有给出整篇文章的总结句,给我们点出了文章的讨论主体与讨论方向。
综上所述,我们可以得出小结题的做题方向:
1、细节选项先排除;
2、与整体讨论主体和讨论方向不一致的先排除;
3、回文仔细核对文段主旨,匹配剩余选项。
下面我们用一个实例来说明,先阅读以下篇章:
SymbioticRelationships(T17P3)
Asymbioticrelationshipisaninteractionbetweentwoormorespeciesinwhichonespecieslivesinoronanotherspecies.There
arethreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:
parasitism,mensalism,andmutualism.The
firstandthethirdcanbekeyfactorsinthestructureofabiologicalmunity;thatis,allthepopulationsoforganismslivingtogetherandpotentiallyinteractinginaparticulararea.
Parasitismisakindofpredator-preyrelationshipinwhichoneorganism,theparasite,derivesitsfoodattheexpenseofitssymbioticassociate,thehost.Parasites
areusuallysmallerthantheirhosts.An
exleofaparasiteisatapewormthatlivesinsidetheintestinesofalargeranimalandabsorbsnutrientsfromitshost.Natural
selectionfavorstheparasitesthatarebestabletofindandfeedonhosts.At
thesametime,defensiveabilitiesofhostsarealsoselectedfor.As
anexle,plantsmakechemicalstoxictofungalandbacterialparasites,alongwithonestoxictopredatoryanimals(sometimestheyarethesamechemicals).In
vertebrates,theimmunesystemprovidesamultipledefenseagainstinternalparasites.
Attimes,itisactuallypossibletowatchtheeffectsofnaturalselectioninhost-parasiterelationships.For
exle,Australiaduringthe
1940swasoverrunbyhundredsofmillionsofEuropeanrabbits.The
rabbitsdestroyedhugeexpansesofAustraliaandthreatenedthesheepandcattleindustries.In
1950,myxomavirus,aparasitethataffectsrabbits,wasdeliberatelyintroducedintoAustraliatocontroltherabbitpopulation.Spread
rapidlybymosquitoes,thevirusdevastatedtherabbitpopulation.The
viruswaslessdeadlytotheoffspringofsurvivingrabbits,however,anditcausedlessandlessharmovertheyears.Apparently,
genotypes(thegeicmake-upofanorganism)intherabbitpopulationwereselectedthatwerebetterabletoresisttheparasite.Meanwhile,
thedeadlieststrainsofthevirusperishedwiththeirhostsasnaturalselectionfavoredstrainsthatcouldinfecthostsbutnotkillthem.Thus,
naturalselectionstabilizedthishost-parasiterelationship.
Incontrasttoparasitism,inmensalism,onepartnerbenefitswithoutsignificantlyaffectingtheother.Few
casesofabsolutemensalismprobablyexist,becauseitisunlikelythatoneofthepartnerswillbepletelyunaffected.mensal
associationssometimesinvolveonespecies"obtainingfoodthatisinadvertentlyexposedbyanother.For
instance,severalkindsofbirdsfeedoninsectsflushedoutofthegrassbygrazingcattle.It
isdifficulttoimaginehowthiscouldaffectthecattle,buttherelationshipmayhelporhindertheminsomewaynotyetrecognized.
Thethirdtypeofsymbiosis,mutualism,benefitsbothpartnersintherelationshipLegumeplantsandtheirnitrogen-fixingbacteria,andtheinteractionsbetweenfloweringplantsandtheirpollinators,areexlesofmutualisticassociation.In
thefirstcase,theplantsprovidethebacteriawithcarbohydratesandotherorganicpounds,andthebacteriahaveenzymesthatactascatalyststhateventuallyaddnitrogentothesoil,enrichingit.In
thesecondcase,pollinators(insects,birds)obtainfoodfromthefloweringplant,andtheplanthasitspollendistributedandseedsdispersedmuchmoreefficientlythantheywouldbeiftheywerecarriedbythewindonly.Another
exleofmutualismwouldbethebull"shornacaciatree,whichgrowsinCentralandSouthAmerica.The
treeprovidesaplacetoliveforantsofthegenusPseudomyrmex.The
antsliveinlarge,hollowthornsandeatsugarsecretedbythetree.The
antsalsoeatyellowstructuresatthetipofleaflets:
theseareproteinrichandseemtohavenofunctionforthetreeexcepttoattractants.The
antsbenefitthehosttreebyattackingvirtuallyanythingthattouchesit.They
stingotherinsectsandlargeherbivores(animalsthateatonlyplants)andevenclipsurroundingvegetationthatgrowsnearthetree.When
theantsareremoved,thetreesusuallydie,probablybecauseherbivoresdamagethemsomuchthattheyareunabletopetewithsurroundingvegetationforlightandgrowingspace.
Theplexinterplayofspeciesinsymbioticrelationshipshighlightsanimportantpointaboutmunities:
Theirstructuredependsonawebofp>
Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.plete
thesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Some
sentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.This
questionisworth
2points.
Symbioticrelationshipsinvolvetheinteractionoftwoormoreorganismsactingaspartners.
AnswerChoices
A.Parasitic
relationshipsinvolvetheinterplayofaggressionbytheparasiteandresistanceandadaptationbythehost.
B.Mutualism
ordinarilyinvolvesaninteractionbetweentwomembersofthesamespecies.
C.Mutualism
isuniqueamongsymbioticrelationshipsinthatitbenefitsbothpartnersinvolvedintherelationship.
D.Parasitic
damagetoAustralianrabbitswasneverreversedbecausetherabbitswereunabletoadapttotheparasites"attacks.
E.The
rarityofmensalrelationshipsstemsfromthedifficultyoffindingrelationshipsthatbenefitonespecieswithoutaffectingtheother.
F.Thestructureofbiologicalmunitiesdependsonthetypesofrelationshipsthatexistamongthespecieswithin.
在做最后的小结题时,同学们一般是已经完成前面的十几道题,对文章已经有大致的了解,所以对六个选项中的细节选项应该比较清晰,我们可以按照步骤将此题解答完。
0
1第一步
排除细节选项;D选项中的“Australianrabbits”很明显是文章第三段中“forexle”中的内容,是文章中的例子,属于细节信息范畴,我们可以先排除此选项。
0
2第二步
排除与整体讨论主体和讨论方向不一致的选项;A,B,C,E,选项中出现“Parasiticrelationships”,“Mutualism”和“mensalrelationships”刚好属于“Symbioticrelationships”共生关系三种分类,留下优先考虑,而F选项中的“structureofbiologicalmunities”与“Symbioticrelationships”关系上相对不明显,暂且先排除。
03
第三步
回文核对A,B,C,E四个选项;A中“Parasiticrelationships”出现在第二,三段,第三段为例子段,我们可以结合第二段第一句“Parasitismisakindofpredator-preyrelationshipinwhichoneorganism,theparasite,derivesitsfoodattheexpenseofitssymbioticassociate,thehost.”以及第二段第四句“Atthesametime,defensiveabilitiesofhostsarealsoselectedfor.”,得出A选项正确;B和C选项,涉及同一种关系“Mutualism”,通常在分类型文章中,讨论相同主体的选项,有一个正确,另一个即为混淆视听的迷惑选项,先在文章中定位到第五段中第一句“Thethirdtypeofsymbiosis,mutualism,benefitsbothpartnersintherelationshipLegumeplantsandtheirnitrogen-fixingbacteria,andtheinteractionsbetweenfloweringplantsandtheirpollinators,areexlesofmutualisticassociation.”,此段后面是三个cases,所以第一句为主旨句,从中可以确定C选项正确,而B选项中的“samespecies”并没有在文中涉及;E选项中“mensalrelationships”定位到第四段一,二两句,意思相符,E正确;因此,这个例子题答案为ACE;
小结题做起来时间相对长,同学们需要有足够的耐心,特别是想要阅读高分的同学,小结题不能放弃。
按照步骤练起来,“烦人精”小结题不烦人。
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