虚拟语气.docx

1、虚拟语气虚拟语气一虚拟语气两种类型：1. 假设条件句：是一种假象的情形，表示说话者的一种主观愿望或态度等，实现的可能性不大或极小。例如： If I were to have the time tomorrow, I would help him.如果我明天有时间，我就会帮他的。（说话人“我”认为自己明天有时间的可能性不大，言外之意是“我”可能帮不了他。） If I had the time now, I would help him. 如果我现在有时间，我就会帮他的。（说话人“我”认为自己现在有时间的可能性不大，言外之意是“我”可能帮不了他。）2. 事实相反句：表示与现在或过去的某个事实相反的

2、情形。例如： If I were you, I would help him. 如果我是你，我就会帮他的。(说话人“我”不是你，if条件句所表示的与现在的事实相反。) If my grandfather were alive today, he would experience a very different world.如果我爷爷还活着，那他就会经历一个完全不同的世界了。（说话人“我”的爷爷现在已经去世，if条件句所表示的与现在的事实相反）。 If I had had the time yesterday, I would have helped him.昨天要是我有时间的话，我就会帮他了

3、。(说话人“我”昨天没有时间，这是确定的事实，不可更改。if条件句所表示的与过去的事实相反)二虚拟语气三种时间：现在时间：既可以表示对现在情形的假设（），也可以表示于现在的事实相反（）。过去时间：既然时间已经过去，虚拟语气只能表示与过去的事实相反（）将来时间：将来的事情还没有发生，所以只能表示说话人的设想或愿望，不能表示与将来相反。假设条件句事实相反句现在时间假设一种可能性不大的情形（但并非完全不可能，只表示主观想法，不是与事实相反）If I had the time now, .表示完全不可能发生的情形（不是可能性不大）If I were you, .过去时间与过去已经发生的事情相反。If

4、I had had the time yesterday,将来时间假设一种可能性不大的情形,此种用法尤其用于对将来的假设。（但并非完全不可能，只表示主观想法，不是与事实相反）If I were to have the time tomorrow, .从句主句现在did/ werewould(could, might) + do过去had done/ had beenwould(could, might) + have done将来were to do/ should dowould (could/ might) + do1. 现在虚拟（1） 假设条件句：假设一种可能性不大的情形（但并非完全不可

5、能，只表示主观想法，不是与事实相反）：If I could afford that car, I would buy it for you.如果我能买起那辆车，我就买给你。What would you do if you had a lot of money?If you didnt love him, you wouldnt be so sad about the news.（2） 事实相反句：表示完全不可能发生的情形（不是可能性不大）：If I were you, I wouldnt tell her the news.如果我是你，我就不会把这个消息告诉她。2. 过去虚拟：表示与过去的事实

6、相反If you had worked harder, you wouldnt have lost the job. (事实上，“你”失去了工作。)If my computer had not broken down, I might have completed my work in time. （事实上，我没有按时完成工作。）3. 将来虚拟：谈论将来“不大可能”的情形、不太可能实现的愿望。If I were to live my life over again, I would have you as my wife.如果我有来生，我一定娶你为妻。(良好愿望，将来不会实现。)If I sh

7、ould win the lottery, I would buy a house.万一我赢得了彩票大奖，我就会买一栋房子。(说话人用should，表示他对于自己赢得大奖的信心不大，但还是想碰碰运气。也相当于表达了自己将来的愿望。)Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.我时常会想，如果我们能以明天就要告别这个世界的态度来度过每一天的话，那一定是极好的。（本句所说的“假如我们明天就会死掉”，并非绝对不可能发生，只是可能性不大，所以用将

8、来虚拟should die来表达这种将来“小概率”的事件。请注意比较真实条件句和将来虚拟条件句的区别：If it were to rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. 万一明天下雨了，那我就在家呆着。（说话人认为明天下雨可能性不大。）If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. 如果明天下雨了，我就呆在家里。（说话人认为明天下雨可能性比较大。）再比如：如果一名美国小学生做演讲，应该说下面的话，表示自己当上总统的可能性较小：If I became president, I would如果美国总统候选人做竞选演讲，则应该说

9、：If I become president of the United States, I will.这样才能体现他对自己能成功当选充满信心。两道练习题：1. If I _ my own clothes, I _ a lot of money.A. had made/ would save B. could make/would saveC. can make/would save D. could make/will save2. Thank goodness, its over. I _ it if I _ it was going to take me so long.A. would

10、 never have done/had known B. would never do/knewC. would never have done/knew D. would never do/had known1. B 2.A三混合虚拟1 从句与过去相反+主句与现在相反If I had studied English at school, I could read English novel now.如果我上学的时候学过英语（事实上，“我”上学的时候没有学过英语），我现在就可以看懂英文小说了（事实上，“我”现在看不懂英文小说）。If paper hadnt been invited, we

11、would have no books.如果没有发明纸（事实上，纸在过去已经被发明），我们现在就没有书（事实上，我们现在有书看）。2. 从句与现在相反+主句与过去相反夫妻两人吵架，劝架人问丈夫：“你爱你的妻子吗？”丈夫回答说：“如果我不爱她，我就不会娶她。”这句话可以翻译为:If I didnt love her, I wouldnt have married her.这句话的言外之意是：“我”一直深爱着妻子（If I didnt love her表示与现在的事实相反），否则我就不会（在过去）娶她（I wouldnt have married her表示与过去的事实即“我”娶了妻子的事实相反）

12、。但如果丈夫说: “If I hadnt loved her, I wouldnt have married her.” 从此句的时态分析得知，从句和主句都是表示和过去相反。也就是说：“我”在过去是爱着妻子的，否则“我”当时就不会和她结婚。其言下之意是：“我”现在已经不爱她了。再比如日常对话中，往往会听到在这样的句子：“如果你真的了解我的话，你当时就不可能说出那样的话”。可以翻译为：If you knew me better, you wouldnt have said that.注意：以上两种混合虚拟句，第二种情况不如第一种情况更常见。四虚拟语气中从句的倒装：当if 条件句中含有should

13、, had 或were时，可以省去if，将should, had或were置于句首。例1：If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.= Should I win the lottery, I would buy a car. 如果我能赢得大奖，我就会买一辆车。例2：If he were to leave today, he would get there by Monday.=Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.如果他今天出发，他就能在星期一之前到达那里。例3：If he

14、had not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.=Had he not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.如果他没被提升，他就不会继续留在这家公司了。两道练习题：3. _ to the doctor right away, he might be alive today.A. If he went B. Had he gone C. Were he gone D. Should he have gone4. _ bef

15、ore we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A. had they arrived B. Were they arriving C. Would they arrive D. Were they to arrive3. B 4. D五陈述句+or+虚拟主句（除了or之外，还可以用or else 或者otherwise。）1. 主语+一般现在时的谓语形式，or+主语+would do表示对现在事实的虚拟2. 主语+一般过去时的谓语形式，or+主语+would have done表示对过去事实的虚拟例1：We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码，要不然我们当时就会给他打电话了。（95.6 CET4）=We would have telephoned his him if we had