托福作文流程图类.docx

1、托福作文流程图类流程图流程图6点参考要领：1. 找到流程图的过程，起点，终点。2. 找到图上标出的已知动作，如果出现生词，尽量猜测。无词，用自己的语言。3. 按照步骤，分段描述，千万不能省略任何一步。4. 切记!加入流畅合理的表示顺序的关联词。5. 句型以主动为主，搭配被动，以及主语从句(例如：It can be seen from the graph that)。6. 时态要使用一般现在时。例文分析1：The diagram shows the stages in the process of making chocolate.(所有的小作文第一句话都要用一般现在时。流程图必备三个词：pro

2、cess整个过程;stage阶段;step步骤)Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown in parts of South America, Africa and Indonesia.(开头不能一上来就直接介绍cacao tree,而是通过主题词chocolate引出，否则显得太唐突)【流程图特点之一：介绍过程要使用一般现在时】【流程图特点之二：大量使用定语从句，将有关联的两句话连接。】【流程图特点之三：大量使用被动语态】The tree produces large red pods which contain white co

3、coa beans.【流程图特点之四：使用一些表示顺序的连接词】when the pods are ripe, they are harvested, the beans are removed and they are fermented for several days in large wooden boxes.(三个句子的并列：“句子A,句子B and 句子C”。)During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown.【流程图特点之五：要适当地添加个别图中没有交代但能从图片中直接读出来的一些内容，否则可能达不到字数要求。但是一定要把握尺

4、度，千万不要加上自己的主观观点，否则会扣分】Next, the brown beans are spread in the sun to dry. They are then put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry. After this, the beans are taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures of between 250 and 350 degree Celsius.After being roa

5、sted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell is removed. This part is not needed for making chocolate. Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressed and liquid chocolate is produced.【流程图特点之六：一般不需要写总结】例文分析2：The process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry can be outlined in

6、seven consecutive steps. First the raw material, clay, which was just below the surface of soil in certain clay-rich areas has to be dug up by a digger.Then the lumps of clay are placed on a metal grid in order to break up the big chunks of clay into much smaller areas, which fall through the metal

7、grid onto a roller, whose motion further segregates the bits of clay. Sand and water are added to make a homogenous mixture, which is then either formed in moulds or cut into brick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter.Those fresh bricks are then kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum

8、 of 48 hours, several dozens if not hundreds of bricks at a time. The dried bricks are then transferred to a so-called kiln, another type of high temperature oven. First they are kept at a moderate temperature of 200 -1300 . This process is followed by cooling down the finished bricks for 48 to 72 h

9、ours in a cooling chamber.Once the bricks have cooled down and have become hard, they get packaged and delivered to their final destination, be it a building site or storage.(215 words)【考官评语】Band 9This response fully satisfies the requirements of the task. All key features of each stage of the proce

10、ss are appropriately and accurately presented. An excellent overview is given at the beginning of the response and this skilfully incorporates part of the rubric, changing the grammatical function, to give a brief summary of the whole process. The message is very easy to read, with seamless cohesion

11、 that attracts no attention. Paragraphing, linking and referencing are all skilfully managed. The language used is very fluent and sophisticated. A wide range of vocabulary and structures are used with full flexibility and accuracy. Only rare minor slips can be found and these do not detract from th

12、e high rating.例文分析3：下面是剑桥6的test 3 考到的流程图，考官给的范文。范文中有两步考官直接就写成一步，本来是3-8天和16天两个时间段，缩成了3个星期，大家写的时候可以分别写，不用写这么精练。范文：The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm.第一个图显示了，在蚕的生命过程中主要有四步。First of all, eggs are produced by themoth and it takes ten days for each egg to b

13、ecome a silkworm larva that feeds onmulberry leaves. 首先，蛾子产出卵，每个卵用10天的时间变成蚕的幼虫， 他们以桑叶为食。This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silkthread around itself. 这个阶段持续最多到六个星期，直到幼虫周围生产出茧（silkthread）. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emergefrom

14、 these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. 经过三个星期的一段时间之后，成年的蛾子最终从茧里面出来，这个生命的循环就再一次开始了。The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. 茧是生产丝绸的原材料。Once selected, they are boiled in water and the thread can be separatedin the unwinding stage. 一旦被挑选出来，他们在水里煮沸，丝可以在打开的阶段中被分离出来

15、。Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage. 每条丝是300到900米长，这就意味着，他们能够被缠绕在一起，染色，然后在织布阶段被用于生产布品。Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silk worm can be used toproduce silk cloth thr

16、ough a very simple process.范文总结：1 163个字。2 使用了很多合适的关联词，见阴影部分。3 主要是简单的并列句。4 句型，搭配了一些被动语态。5 动词使用丰富：produce, feed on, last, emerge, select, boil, separate, unwind,twist (多数原词带入)6 名词比较专业：life cycle, raw material.雅思流程图的重点词汇解析：表述时间：in 10 daysduring the period of 10 daysThe process lasts for up to 10 daysaf

17、ter 10 days10 days passed until something happened.表示然后：then, next, in the next state, following that, after that, the next step in the stage is .表示过程：process, procedure, formation, development表示步骤：step, stage, phase时间阶段：after a period of months/days/minutes, during顺序连词：first, first of all, in the f

18、irst stage, initially, to begin withsecond, then, next, alsoafter that, at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhileprior to, untilthe first stage involves / in the second stage / in the third stage /in the last stage / The next step in the stage is that目的连词：in order to / in order that; so as to / s

19、o that常见动词：produce生产，lay放置，accumulate积累，gather/collect收集，obtain获得，heat up加热，expand膨胀，bend弯曲，turn off关闭，cool down冷却，disconnect断开连接，spin旋转/纺，strike打击， compress压缩，release释放， expand膨胀， move/flow流动， accelerate加速， form形成， press按压， adjust调整， absorb吸收， form形成， process加工， rotate旋转， chop坎， grind磨(碎)/碾(碎)，ligh

20、t点燃， burn燃烧， ignite点燃， reflect反光，turn转，starts开始， stops结束，records录音， turns up调高， turns down调低，winds缠绕, unwinds解开，revolves旋转，fold折叠，unfold打开，reverse颠倒/倒转，adapt适应，adjust调整，alter改变，cure治愈，disappear消失，dissolve溶化/解散，exchange交换，expand扩张/膨胀，fade退色，increase增长，promote促进/升职, reduce减少，renew使更新/使恢复，renovate革新/更新

21、/修复，replace取代，swell肿胀，switch改变，transform完全改变，vary改变，swap交换，shrink收缩，melt溶解，heal/cure治愈，form/come into being/take shape形成，produce生产，gain/get/acquire获取，evaporate蒸发，volatilize挥发，draw提取，recycle回收，extract拔，absorb吸收，collect收集，meet相遇，be made up of由.组成, be made of由.制成，be made from由制成， feed on以.为食，depend on/

22、rely on依赖，release/send out释放，sort分类，separate分开，conveyed运送，cut into切成，poured into倒入，heated加热，melted into融化成，flows into流入-分 割 线-地图地图题写作在很多书上都没有系统的指导，它有别于数据图，构思方面没有数据图那么复杂，但在语言驾驭，很多学生都感到很陌生。地图题分两种，一种为地理变迁题，一种为选址题。首先我们来看地理变迁题，它描述的是一个地方（多为一个城镇）在一段时间的发展变化。如2006年9月A类TASK1，剑1TEST4。就这些图形，我们来总结地理变迁题的写作要点。地图题注

23、意要点：1 .地图的起始点2 .方向很重要3 .认真阅读并尽量记住图中已有的信息考察点：1 .方向方位路线顺序的把握2 .相对位置关系的描述和辨别3 .表方位的词或者词组主要是介词的用法4 .图中关键词的定位时态如果地图题反映的是一个地方在过去的一段时间的变化，文章用一般过去时。如果地图题反映的是一个地方在将来一段时间的变化趋势，文章用一般将来时或表“估计”的词汇。如果地图题反映的是一个地方从过去到现在的变化，可用现完成时。如：现在停车场改成了一个剧院。Thecarparkhasbeenremovedandreplacedbyatheatre.城镇A的家庭数量从1937年到2020年将翻一番。

24、ThenumberofhomesinTownAislikelytodouble(islikelyto=ispredictedto/isestimatedto/isprojectedto/isexpectedto)又可为：ItislikelythatthenumberofhomesinTownAwilldouble.(itislikelythat=itispredicted/estimated/projected/expectedthat.)1读题：读图标的含义，哪个是铁路，哪个是村庄等等都读明白了。要看清哪个是公路，哪个是铁路。有没有交叉点等等。2确定写的顺序，是按变化写还是按位置写，还是两个

25、的综合体。3如果是要求描述变化，把明显的变化先划出，最好用词在图旁边描述，确定自己要写几点。4句型多用被动语态。5时态使用一般现在时或者过去时,也可能现在完成时。表示将来的时间可以用下列表达：be predicted/be expected to do一般不用将来时，用上面的结构。6记得用关联的词和句子：It is obvious/notable/noticeableIt is easy to locate/to find thatIt can be seen from the graph that地图题最好的补充资料就是听力题里面的地图题的单词细节变化地图每个细节变化都要提到，不要忽视一个细

26、节语态地图题用被动语态如：2000年在城镇A新建了一个医院：AnewhospitalwasestablishedinTownAin2000.地图题的书写顺序：时间顺序和空间顺序如2006年9月A类TASK1ThemapshowsthedevelopmentofthevillageofKelsbeybetween1780and2000.这篇文章大体框架按时间顺序，BODY分三段分别描述：1780年村庄，1860村庄，2000年村庄。对每一年的描述，如1780年村庄，我们要注意按方位顺序来描述，否则文章会出现混乱。这就需要考生在考前对方位词进行总结。地图题的方位我们说东西南北，不说成左右。A在B的

27、东方/西方/南方/北方Ais/lies/islocated/issituatedin/on/totheeast/west/south/northofB(in表A在B内部，ON表A和B接壤，TO表A和B分开)A在B内部的某个部位Aisintheeastern/southern/western/northernpartofB.A在B西北部的120千米处Alies120kmtothenorthwestofB.A在B.角落Aisat/inthesouth-easterncornerofB(at表示A在B外部，in表A在B内部)在河流或道路的南边/北边等Onthesouth/southernsideof

28、theriverOnbothsidesoftheroadOntheotherside临近马路的地区Theareaadjacentto/near/nextto/justofftheroad在道路或河流的最南端AtthesouthernendoftheriverA在B的对面AisontheoppositesideofBAisoppositeBA在B东部的边界上（A在B外部）AisontheeasternborderofBA在B东部边缘上（A在B内部）Aison/alongtheeasternedgeofB“变化”词汇地图题描述的是一个地区的变化，那么“变化”词汇必须过关。变化包括两种：图形原有事物

29、的改变，图形新添事物。我们先看图形原有事物的改变：原有事物可说成：Theoriginal/previous/formergarden原有事物尺寸上变大/变小：Thesizeofthelibraryhasbeenenlarged/extended/halved/reducedbyhalf原有事物在数量上增多或减少：Thenumberofhomeshasincreased/risen/grown/reduced/decreased/dropped/fallen/doubled/tripled/quadrupledto500.原有事物没了：Thefarmscompletelydisappeared/

30、wereremoved.原有事物被改为：AbecomesBAistransformed/reconstructed/redeveloped/converted/changed/turnedoverto/intoBAisreplaced/substitutedbyB=AgiveswaytoB图形新添事物Anewly-builtroadAnewcarparkwasbuilt/established/setup/constructed/completedandopenedinthemiddleofBAnewITcentrehasbeenaddedtothelibraryTheyear2000sawtwoadditionstotheland:apondinthenorthernpartandavegetablegardenontheoppositeside.