高考英语 试题分项版解析Ⅲ专题04 科普类阅读理解教师版.docx

1、高考英语 试题分项版解析专题04 科普类阅读理解教师版2012年全国及各地高考英语分类精品解析系列简介单项选择题分类解析系列专题01单项选择题分类解析（冠词、名词和主谓一致）专题02单项选择题分类解析（代词）专题03单项选择题分类解析（介词和介词短语）专题04单项选择题分类解析（形容词和副词）专题05单项选择题分类解析（动词和动词短语）专题06单项选择题分类解析（动词的时态和语态）专题07单项选择题分类解析（情态动词和虚拟语气）专题08单项选择题分类解析（非谓语动词）专题09单项选择题分类解析（定语从句）专题10单项选择题分类解析（连词和状语从句）专题11单项选择题分类解析（名词性从句）专题1

2、2单项选择题分类解析（特殊句式）专题13单项选择题分类解析（交际用语）完形填空题分类解析系列专题01记叙文完形填空专题02夹叙夹议完形填空阅读理解题分类解析系列专题01人物传记、故事类阅读理解专题02新闻报道、广告类阅读理解专题03社会生活、说理议论类阅读理解专题04科普类阅读理解 专题05新题型阅读理解书面表达题分类及选择讲评专题01书面表达题分类及选择讲评（文字提纲式）专题02书面表达题分类及选择讲评（图画式）专题03书面表达题分类及选择讲评（开放式）（共16篇）一、(2012课标卷)BHoney(蜂蜜)from the African forest is not only a kind

3、of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest(巢)and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, peo

4、ple and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房). The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees nest. So, when it finds a s

5、uitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they

6、 finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share. Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, b

7、ut it is very determined in its efforts to get it. The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away. They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.61. What do the words the follower in

8、Paragraph 2 refer to? A. A bee. B. A bird. C. A honey seeker. D. A beekeeper.【答案】C 【解析】词义猜测。根据后面“In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.”可以推断跟在honey guide 后面的是people and animals，他们被统称为“寻找蜂蜜的人或动物”。 beeke

9、eper是“养蜂人”。62. The honey guide is special in the way_. A. it gets its food B. it goes to church C. it sings in the forest D. it reaches into bees nests二、(2012大纲卷)(C)Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is

10、 in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For exam

11、ple, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians

12、dont smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our

13、 own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. For example, in public and in formal situation

14、s many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States. People from

15、 certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others. The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly.5

16、0. The author mentions the smile of the Vietnamese to prove that smile can _ . A. show friendliness to strangers B. be used to hide true feelings C. be used in the wrong places D. show personal habits51. What should we do before attempting to “read” people? A. Learn about their relations with others

17、. B. Understand their cultural backgrounds. C. Find out about their past experience. D. Figure out what they will do next. (E)Make Up Your Mind to SucceedKind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure. The generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing s

18、ports where scores and performance were played down because “everyones winter.” And their report cards sounded more positive (正面的) than ever before. As a result, Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them “the overpraised generation.”Dweck has been studying how people deal with failu

19、re for 40 years. Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. Heres how they work:A fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent (才能) is genetic youre a born artist, point guard, or numbers person. The fixed mind-set bel

20、ieves its sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame. When things get difficult, its quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.On the other hand, a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent and that effort and learning make

21、everything possible. Because the ego (自尊) isnt on the line as much, the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than shame. When faced with a difficulty, its quick to rethink, change and try again. In fact, it enjoys this experience.We are all born with growth mind-sets. (Otherwise, we would

22、nt be able to live in the world.) But parents, teachers, and instructors often push us into fixed mind-sets by encouraging certain actions and misdirecting praise. Dwecks book, Mind-set: The New Psychology of Success, and online instructional program explain this in depth. But she says there are man

23、y little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.57. What does the author think about the present generation? A. They dont do well at school. B. They are often misunderstood. C. They are eager to win in sports. D. The

24、y are given too much praise.【答案】D【解析】作者观点和看法。根据第一段中的“Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them the overpraised generation.”可知：他们被表扬得太多了。58. A fixed mind-set person is probably one who _ . A. doesnt want to work hard B. cares a lot about personal safety C. cannot share his ideas with

25、 others D. can succeed with the help of teachers60. What should parents do for their children based on Dwecks study? A. Encourage them to learn from failures. B. Prevent them from making mistakes. C. Guide them in doing little things. D. Help them grow with praise.【答案】A【解析】推理判断。根据文章最后一句“But she says

26、 there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.”可知：要鼓励孩子向失败学习，从中吸取教训，那么孩子就永远不会为失败所击败。三、(2012北京卷)CDecision-making under StressA new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the

27、 brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mat

28、her. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do diffi

29、cult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadnt gone through the stress.Th

30、is phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only

31、are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses

32、 to risk turn out to be different.Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted tha