高考英语 试题分项版解析Ⅲ专题04 科普类阅读理解教师版.docx

高考英语 试题分项版解析Ⅲ专题04 科普类阅读理解教师版.docx

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高考英语试题分项版解析Ⅲ专题04科普类阅读理解教师版

2012年全国及各地高考英语分类精品解析系列简介

单项选择题分类解析系列

专题01单项选择题分类解析（冠词、名词和主谓一致）

专题02单项选择题分类解析（代词）

专题03单项选择题分类解析（介词和介词短语）

专题04单项选择题分类解析（形容词和副词）

专题05单项选择题分类解析（动词和动词短语）

专题06单项选择题分类解析（动词的时态和语态）

专题07单项选择题分类解析（情态动词和虚拟语气）

专题08单项选择题分类解析（非谓语动词）

专题09单项选择题分类解析（定语从句）

专题10单项选择题分类解析（连词和状语从句）

专题11单项选择题分类解析（名词性从句）

专题12单项选择题分类解析（特殊句式）

专题13单项选择题分类解析（交际用语）

完形填空题分类解析系列

专题01记叙文完形填空

专题02夹叙夹议完形填空

阅读理解题分类解析系列

专题01人物传记、故事类阅读理解

专题02新闻报道、广告类阅读理解

专题03社会生活、说理议论类阅读理解

专题04科普类阅读理解

专题05新题型阅读理解

书面表达题分类及选择讲评

专题01书面表达题分类及选择讲评（文字提纲式）

专题02书面表达题分类及选择讲评（图画式）

专题03书面表达题分类及选择讲评（开放式）

（共16篇）

一、（2012课标卷）

B

Honey（蜂蜜）fromtheAfricanforestisnotonlyakindofnaturalsugar,itisalsodelicious.Mostpeople,andmanyanimals,likeeatingit.However,theonlywayforthemtogetthathoneyistofindawildbees'nest（巢）andtakethehoneyfromit.Often,thesenestsarehighupintrees,anditisdifficulttofindthem.InpartsofAfrica,though,peopleandanimalslookingforhoneyhaveastrangeandunexpectedhelper一alittlebirdcalledahoneyguide.

Thehoneyguidedoesnotactuallylikehoney,butitdoeslikethewax（蜂蜡）inthebeehives（蜂房）.Thelittlebirdcannotreachthiswax,whichisdeepinsidethebees’nest.So,whenitfindsasuitablenest,itlooksforsomeonetohelpit.Thehoneyguidegivesaloudcrythatattractstheattentionofbothpassinganimalsandpeople.Onceithastheirattention,itfliesthroughtheforest,waitingfromtimetotimeforthecuriousanimalorpersonasitleadsthemtothenest.Whentheyfinallyarriveatthenest,thefollowerreachesintogetatthedelicioushoneyasthebirdpatientlywaitsandwatches.Someofthehoney,andthewax,alwaysfallstotheground,andthisiswhenthehoneyguidetakesitsshare.

Scientistsdonotknowwhythehoneyguidelikeseatingthewax,butitisverydeterminedinitseffortstogetit.Thebirdsseemtobeabletosmellwaxfromalongdistanceaway.Theywillquicklyarrivewheneverabeekeeperistakinghoneyfromhisbeehives,andwillevenenterchurcheswhenbeeswaxcandlesarebeinglit.

61.Whatdothewords"thefollower"inParagraph2referto?

A.Abee.B.Abird.C.Ahoneyseeker.D.Abeekeeper.

【答案】C

【解析】词义猜测。

根据后面“InpartsofAfrica,though,peopleandanimalslookingforhoneyhaveastrangeandunexpectedhelper一alittlebirdcalledahoneyguide.”可以推断跟在honeyguide后面的是peopleandanimals，他们被统称为“寻找蜂蜜的人或动物”。

beekeeper是“养蜂人”。

62.Thehoneyguideisspecialintheway____________.

A.itgetsitsfoodB.itgoestochurchC.itsingsintheforestD.itreachesintobees'nests

二、（2012大纲卷）

（C）

Facialexpressionscarrymeaningthatisdeterminedbysituationsandrelationships.Forexample,inAmericanculture（文化）thesmileisingeneralanexpressionofpleasure.Yetitalsohasotheruses.Awoman’ssmileatapoliceofficerdoesnotcarrythesamemeaningasthesmileshegivestoayoungchild.Asmilemayshowloveorpoliteness.Itcanalsohidetruefeelings.Itoftencausesconfusion（困惑）acrosscultures.Forexample,manypeopleinRussiasmilingatstrangersinpublictobeunusualandevenimproper.YetmanyAmericanssmilefreelyatstrangersinpublicplaces（althoughthisislesscommoninbigcities）.SomeRussiansbelievethatAmericanssmileinthewrongplaces;someAmericansbelievethatRussiansdon’tsmileenough.InSoutheastAsianculture,asmileisfrequentlyusedtocoverpainfulfeelings.Vietnamesepeoplemaytellasadstorybutendthestorywithasmile.

Ourfacesshowemotions（情感）,butweshouldnotattemptto“read”peoplefromanothercultureaswewould“read”someonefromourownculture.Thefactthatmembersofoneculturedonotexpresstheiremotionsasopenlyasdomembersofanotherdoesnotmeanthattheydonotexperienceemotions.Rather,thereareculturaldifferencesintheamountoffacialexpressionspermitted.Forexample,inpublicandinformalsituationsmanyJapanesedonotshowtheiremotionsasfreelyasAmericansdo.Whenwithfriends,JapaneseandAmericansseemtoshowtheiremotionssimilarly.

ItisdifficulttogeneralizeaboutAmericansandfacialexpressivenessbecauseofpersonalandculturaldifferencesintheUnitedStates.PeoplefromcertainculturalbackgroundsintheUnitedStatesseemtobemorefaciallyexpressivethanothers.Thekeyistotrynottojudgepeoplewhosewaysofshowingemotionaredifferent.Ifwejudgeaccordingtoourownculturalhabits,wemaymakethemistakeof“reading”theotherpersonincorrectly.

50.TheauthormentionsthesmileoftheVietnamesetoprovethatsmilecan___.

A.showfriendlinesstostrangersB.beusedtohidetruefeelings

C.beusedinthewrongplacesD.showpersonalhabits

51.Whatshouldwedobeforeattemptingto“read”people?

A.Learnabouttheirrelationswithothers.B.Understandtheirculturalbackgrounds.

C.Findoutabouttheirpastexperience.D.Figureoutwhattheywilldonext.

（E）

MakeUpYourMindtoSucceed

Kind-heartedparentshaveunknowinglylefttheirchildrendefenselessagainstfailure.Thegenerationbornbetween1980and2001grewupplayingsportswherescoresandperformancewereplayeddownbecause“everyone’swinter.”Andtheirreportcardssoundedmorepositive（正面的）thaneverbefore.Asaresult,StanfordUniversityprofessorCarolDweck,PhD,callsthem“theoverpraisedgeneration.”

Dweckhasbeenstudyinghowpeopledealwithfailurefor40years.Herresearchhasledhertofindouttwoclearlydifferentmind-setsthathaveagreateffectonhowwereacttoit.Here’showtheywork:

Afixedmind-setisgroundedinthebeliefthattalent（才能）isgenetic–you’reabornartist,pointguard,ornumbersperson.Thefixedmind-setbelievesit’ssuretosucceedwithoutmucheffortandregardsfailureaspersonalshame.Whenthingsgetdifficult,it’squicktoblame,lie,andevenstayawayfromfuturedifficulties.

Ontheotherhand,agrowthmind-setbelievesthatnotalentisentirelyheaven-sentandthateffortandlearningmakeeverythingpossible.Becausetheego（自尊）isn’tonthelineasmuch,thegrowthmind-setseesfailureasachanceratherthanshame.Whenfacedwithadifficulty,it’squicktorethink,changeandtryagain.Infact,itenjoysthisexperience.

Weareallbornwithgrowthmind-sets.（Otherwise,wewouldn’tbeabletoliveintheworld.）Butparents,teachers,andinstructorsoftenpushusintofixedmind-setsbyencouragingcertainactionsandmisdirectingpraise.Dweck’sbook,Mind-set:

TheNewPsychologyofSuccess,andonlineinstructionalprogramexplainthisindepth.Butshesaystherearemanylittlethingsyoucanstartdoingtodaytomakesurethatyourchildren,grandchildrenandevenyouareneverdefeatedbyfailure.

57.Whatdoestheauthorthinkaboutthepresentgeneration?

A.Theydon’tdowellatschool.B.Theyareoftenmisunderstood.

C.Theyareeagertowininsports.D.Theyaregiventoomuchpraise.

【答案】D

【解析】作者观点和看法。

根据第一段中的“StanfordUniversityprofessorCarolDweck,PhD,callsthem‘theoverpraisedgeneration.’”可知：

他们被表扬得太多了。

58.Afixedmind-setpersonisprobablyonewho_________.

A.doesn’twanttoworkhardB.caresalotaboutpersonalsafety

C.cannotsharehisideaswithothersD.cansucceedwiththehelpofteachers

60.WhatshouldparentsdofortheirchildrenbasedonDweck’sstudy?

A.Encouragethemtolearnfromfailures.B.Preventthemfrommakingmistakes.

C.Guidethemindoinglittlethings.D.Helpthemgrowwithpraise.

【答案】A

【解析】推理判断。

根据文章最后一句“Butshesaystherearemanylittlethingsyoucanstartdoingtodaytomakesurethatyourchildren,grandchildrenandevenyouareneverdefeatedbyfailure.”可知：

要鼓励孩子向失败学习，从中吸取教训，那么孩子就永远不会为失败所击败。

三、（2012北京卷）

C

Decision-makingunderStress

Anewreviewbasedonaresearchshowsthatacutestressaffectsthewaythebrainconsiderstheadvantagesanddisadvantages,causingittofocusonpleasureandignorethepossiblenegative（负面的）consequencesofadecision.

Theresearchsuggeststhatstressmaychangethewaypeoplemakechoicesinpredictableways.

“Stressaffectshowpeoplelearn,”saysProfessorMaraMather.“Peoplelearnbetteraboutpositivethannegativeoutcomesunderstress.”

Forexample,tworecentstudieslookedathowpeoplelearnedtoconnectimages（影像）witheitherrewardsorpunishments.Inoneexperiment,someoftheparticipantswerefirststressedbyhavingtogiveaspeechanddodifficultmathproblemsinfrontofanaudience;intheother,somewerestressedbyhavingtokeeptheirhandsinicewater.Inbothcases,thestressedparticipantsrememberedtherewardedmaterialmoreaccuratelyandthepunishedmateriallessaccuratelythanthosewhohadn’tgonethroughthestress.

Thisphenomenonislikelynotsurprisingtoanyonewhohastriedtoresisteatingcookiesorsmokingacigarettewhileunderstress–atthosemoments,onlythepleasureassociatedwithsuchactivitiescomestomind.Butthefindingsfurthersuggestthatstressmaybringaboutadoubleeffect.Notonlyarerewardingexperiencesrememberedbetter,butnegativeconsequencesarealsoeasilyrecalled.

Theresearchalsofoundthatstressappearstoaffectdecision-makingdifferentlyinmenandwomen.Whilebothmenandwomentendtofocusonrewardsandlessonconsequencesunderstress,theirresponsestoriskturnouttobedifferent.

Menwhohadbeenstressedbythecold-watertasktendedtotakemorerisksintheexperimentwhilewomenrespondedintheoppositeway.Instressfulsituationsinwhichrisk-takingcanpayoffbig,menmaytendtodobetter,whencautionweighsmore,however,womenwillwin.

Thistendencytoslowdownandbecomemorecautiouswhendecisionsareriskymightalsohelpexplainwhywomenarelesslikelytobecomeaddictedtha