专业英语电子版教材.docx

1、专业英语电子版教材Chapter 3 Inorganic Chemistry 283.1 The Atomic Nature of Matter 283.2 Electronic Structure of Atoms 303.3 Periodicity of Atomic Properties 333.5 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories 373.6 Chemical Reactions 393.7 The Behavior of Gases 413.8 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 43

2、3.9 Chemical Equilibrium 443.10 Thermochemistry 453.11 Acid-Base Equilibria 473.12 Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria 493.13 Chemistry of Coordination Compounds 503.14 Nuclear Chemistry 52专业英语教学大纲 54语言不相同 culture shock normal university 54Decrease and increase 55descend 55-ium 55Ratio of to 56

3、Be derived from 56虚拟条件句 56Concern 57available 57常用简写 58Involve 59though 59Bound 60available 61高分子化学专业英语.rar 62By means of (lesson12) ( by all means，by no means lesson 5 63ability/ be able to/ be capable of/can 关于能力的表达方式 63As such such as 66因果关系 67形式主语 It is + adj.+ to 67科技论文的结构Full Paper (lesson 12)

4、 68As 引出宾语补语、主语补语(complement 补语) return Lesson 11 69According to 按照，与相应 70Whether与if的区别 Lesson 13 70Ratio to 71绝佳中英文翻译 2010-03-15 72Chinglish 72交通大学 2010-03-08讲 73方便 2010-09-16 73不折腾 2010-03-15 73你的英语够老外吗？ 74Humor 幽默 76常用英语标识语 77错误英文标示 81use is made of 82Culture shock 82外国的品牌的中国名，中国品牌的外国名 83英语课堂练习 8

5、3英语课堂用语100句 83化学四门基础课 85考试 86注意事项1 音标显示 把Ksphonet.ttf放入 C:WINDOWSFonts C:Program FilesKingsoftPowerWord 2006fonts 中找到 Ksphonet.ttf 考入 C:WINDOWSFonts2 科技论文结构3 专利结构1. Chapter 1 Matter and MeasurementChemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. Chemists study the composition, struct

6、ure, and properties of matter. They observe the changes that matter undergoes and measure the energy that is produced or consumed during these changes. Chemistry provides an understanding of many natural events and has led to the synthesis of new forms of matter that have greatly affected the way we

7、 live.Disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or the kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, polymer chemistry, biochemistry, and many more specialized disciplines, e.g. radioche

8、mistry, theoretical chemistry.Chemistry is often called the central science because it connects the other natural sciences such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology and geology.1.1. Classification of MatterMatter is usually defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. Mass is th

9、e amount of matter in an object. The mass of an object does not change. The volume of an object is how much space the object takes up.All the different forms of matter in our world fall into two principal categories: (1) pure substances and (2) mixtures. A pure substance can also be defined as a for

10、m of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties. Pure substances are subdivided into two groups: elements and compounds. An element is the simplest kind of material with unique physical and chemical properties; it can not be broken down into anything simpler by either physical

11、 or chemical means. A compound is a pure substance that consists of two or more elements linked together in characteristic and definite proportions; it can be decomposed by a chemical change into simpler substances with a fixed mass ratio. Mixtures contain two or more chemical substances in variable

12、 proportions in which the pure substances retain their chemical identities. In principle, they can be separated into the component substances by physical means, involving physical changes. A sample is homogeneous if it always has the same composition, no matter what part of the sample is examined. P

13、ure elements and pure chemical compounds are homogeneous. Mixtures can be homogeneous, too; in a homogeneous mixture the constituents are distributed uniformly and the composition and appearance of the mixture are uniform throughout. A solutions is a special type of homogeneous mixture. A heterogene

14、ous mixture has physically distinct parts with different properties. The classification of matter is summarized in the diagram below:Matter can also be categorized into four distinct phases: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The solid phase of matter has the atoms packed closely together. An object th

15、at is solid has a definite shape and volume that cannot be changed easily. The liquid phase of matter has the atoms packed closely together, but they flow freely around each other. Matter that is liquid has a definite volume but changes shape quite easily. Solids and liquids are termed condensed pha

16、ses because of their well-defined volumes. The gas phase of matter has the atoms loosely arranged so they can travel in and out easily. A gas has neither specific shape nor constant volume. The plasma phase of matter has the atoms existing in an excited state.Break 2011-8-30 1st1.2. Properties of Ma

17、tterAll substances have properties, the characteristics that give each substance its unique identity. We learn about matter by observing its properties. To identify a substance, chemists observe two distinct types of properties, physical and chemical, which are closely related to two types of change

18、 that matter undergoes. Physical properties are those that a substance shows by itself, without changing into or interacting with another substance. Some physical properties are color, smell, temperature, boiling point, electrical conductivity, and density. A physical change is a change that does no

19、t alter the chemical identity of the matter. A physical change results in different physical properties. For example, when ice melts, several physical properties have changed, such as hardness, density, and ability to flow. But the sample has not changed its composition: it is still water. Chemical

20、properties are those that do change the chemical nature of matter. A chemical change, also called a chemical reaction, is a change that does alter the chemical identity of the substance. It occurs when a substance (or substances) is converted into a different substance (or substances). For example,

21、when hydrogen burns in air, it undergoes a chemical change because it combines with oxygen to form water.Separation of MixturesThe separation of mixtures into its constituents in a pure state is an important process in chemistry. The constituents of any mixture can be separated on the basis of their

22、 differences in their physical and chemical properties e.g., particle size, solubility, effect of heat, acidity or basicity etc.Some of the methods for separation of mixtures are: (1) Sedimentation or decantation. To separate the mixture of coarse particles of a solid from a liquid e.g., muddy river

23、 water.(2) Filtration. To separate the insoluble solid component of a mixture from the liquid completely i.e. separating the precipitate (solid phase) from any solution.(3) Evaporation. To separate a non-volatile soluble salt from a liquid or recover the soluble solid solute from the solution.(4) Cr

24、ystallization. To separate a solid compound in pure and geometrical form.(5) Sublimation. To separate volatile solids, from a non-volatile solid.(6) Distillation. To separate the constituents of a liquid mixture, which differ in their boiling points.(7) Solvent extraction method. Organic compounds,

25、which are easily soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or immiscible with water forming two separate layers can be easily separated.1.3 Atoms, Molecules and CompoundsThe fundamental unit of a chemical substance is called an atom. The word is derived from the Greek atomos, meaning “undivisible” o

26、r “uncuttable”. An atom is the smallest possible particle of a substance.Molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces. A mo

27、lecule may consist of atoms of a single chemical element, as with oxygen (O2), or of different elements, as with water (H2O).A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus. The term is a

28、lso used to refer to a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons. Until March 2010, 118 elements have been observed. 94 elements occur naturally on earth, either as the pure element or more commonly as a component in compounds. 80 elements have stable isotopes, namely

29、 all elements with atomic numbers 1 to 82, except elements 43 and 61 (technetium and promethium). Elements with atomic numbers 83 or higher (bismuth and above) are inherently unstable, and undergo radioactive decay. The elements from atomic number 83 to 94 have no stable nuclei, but are nevertheless

30、 found in nature, either surviving as remnants of the primordial stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the elements in the solar system, or else produced as short-lived daughter-isotopes through the natural decay of uranium and thorium. The remaining 24 elements so are artificial, or synthetic, elem

31、ents, which are products of man-induced processes. These synthetic elements are all characteristically unstable. Although they have not been found in nature, it is conceivable that in the early history of the earth, these and possibly other unknown elements may have been present. Their unstable natu

32、re could have resulted in their disappearance from the natural components of the earth, however.The naturally occurring elements were not all discovered at the same time. Some, such as gold, silver, iron, lead, and copper, have been known since the days of earliest civilizations. Others, such as helium, radium, aluminium, and bromine, were discovered in the nineteenth century. The most abundant elements found in the earths crust, in order of decreasing percentage, are oxygen, silico