专业英语电子版教材.docx
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专业英语电子版教材
Chapter3InorganicChemistry28
3.1TheAtomicNatureofMatter28
3.2ElectronicStructureofAtoms30
3.3PeriodicityofAtomicProperties33
3.5MolecularGeometryandBondingTheories37
3.6ChemicalReactions39
3.7TheBehaviorofGases41
3.8AqueousReactionsandSolutionStoichiometry43
3.9ChemicalEquilibrium44
3.10Thermochemistry45
3.11Acid-BaseEquilibria47
3.12AdditionalAspectsofAqueousEquilibria49
3.13ChemistryofCoordinationCompounds50
3.14NuclearChemistry52
《专业英语》教学大纲54
语言不相同cultureshocknormaluniversity54
Decreaseandincrease55
descend55
-ium55
Ratioof…to…56
Bederivedfrom56
虚拟条件句56
Concern57
available57
常用简写58
Involve59
though59
Bound60
available61
高分子化学专业英语.rar62
Bymeansof(lesson12)(byallmeans,bynomeanslesson563
ability/beableto/becapableof/can关于「能力」的表达方式63
Assuchsuchas66
因果关系67
形式主语Itis+adj.+to67
科技论文的结构FullPaper(lesson12)68
As引出宾语补语、主语补语(complement补语)returnLesson1169
Accordingto按照,与…相应70
Whether与if的区别Lesson1370
Ratio…to…71
绝佳中英文翻译2010-03-1572
Chinglish72
交通大学2010-03-08讲73
方便2010-09-1673
不折腾2010-03-1573
你的英语够老外吗?
74
Humor幽默76
常用英语标识语77
错误英文标示81
useismadeof82
Cultureshock82
外国的品牌的中国名,中国品牌的外国名83
英语课堂练习83
英语课堂用语100句83
化学四门基础课85
考试86
注意事项
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2.科技论文结构
3.专利结构
1.
Chapter1MatterandMeasurement
Chemistryisthescienceofmatterandthechangesitundergoes.Chemistsstudythecomposition,structure,andpropertiesofmatter.Theyobservethechangesthatmatterundergoesandmeasuretheenergythatisproducedorconsumedduringthesechanges.Chemistryprovidesanunderstandingofmanynaturaleventsandhasledtothesynthesisofnewformsofmatterthathavegreatlyaffectedthewaywelive.
Disciplineswithinchemistryaretraditionallygroupedbythetypeofmatterbeingstudiedorthekindofstudy.Theseincludeinorganicchemistry,organicchemistry,physicalchemistry,analyticalchemistry,polymerchemistry,biochemistry,andmanymorespecializeddisciplines,e.g.radiochemistry,theoreticalchemistry.
Chemistryisoftencalled"thecentralscience"becauseitconnectstheothernaturalsciencessuchasastronomy,physics,materialscience,biologyandgeology.
1.1.ClassificationofMatter
Matterisusuallydefinedasanythingthathasmassandoccupiesspace.Massistheamountofmatterinanobject.Themassofanobjectdoesnotchange.Thevolumeofanobjectishowmuchspacetheobjecttakesup.
Allthedifferentformsofmatterinourworldfallintotwoprincipalcategories:
(1)puresubstancesand
(2)mixtures.Apuresubstancecanalsobedefinedasaformofmatterthathasbothdefinitecompositionanddistinctproperties.Puresubstancesaresubdividedintotwogroups:
elementsandcompounds.Anelementisthesimplestkindofmaterialwithuniquephysicalandchemicalproperties;itcannotbebrokendownintoanythingsimplerbyeitherphysicalorchemicalmeans.Acompoundisapuresubstancethatconsistsoftwoormoreelementslinkedtogetherincharacteristicanddefiniteproportions;itcanbedecomposedbyachemicalchangeintosimplersubstanceswithafixedmassratio.Mixturescontaintwoormorechemicalsubstancesinvariableproportionsinwhichthepuresubstancesretaintheirchemicalidentities.Inprinciple,theycanbeseparatedintothecomponentsubstancesbyphysicalmeans,involvingphysicalchanges.Asampleishomogeneousifitalwayshasthesamecomposition,nomatterwhatpartofthesampleisexamined.Pureelementsandpurechemicalcompoundsarehomogeneous.Mixturescanbehomogeneous,too;inahomogeneousmixturetheconstituentsaredistributeduniformlyandthecompositionandappearanceofthemixtureareuniformthroughout.Asolutionsisaspecialtypeofhomogeneousmixture.Aheterogeneousmixturehasphysicallydistinctpartswithdifferentproperties.Theclassificationofmatterissummarizedinthediagrambelow:
Mattercanalsobecategorizedintofourdistinctphases:
solid,liquid,gas,andplasma.Thesolidphaseofmatterhastheatomspackedcloselytogether.Anobjectthatissolidhasadefiniteshapeandvolumethatcannotbechangedeasily.Theliquidphaseofmatterhastheatomspackedcloselytogether,buttheyflowfreelyaroundeachother.Matterthatisliquidhasadefinitevolumebutchangesshapequiteeasily.Solidsandliquidsaretermedcondensedphasesbecauseoftheirwell-definedvolumes.Thegasphaseofmatterhastheatomslooselyarrangedsotheycantravelinandouteasily.Agashasneitherspecificshapenorconstantvolume.Theplasmaphaseofmatterhastheatomsexistinginanexcitedstate.
Break2011-8-301st
1.2.PropertiesofMatter
Allsubstanceshaveproperties,thecharacteristicsthatgiveeachsubstanceitsuniqueidentity.Welearnaboutmatterbyobservingitsproperties.Toidentifyasubstance,chemistsobservetwodistincttypesofproperties,physicalandchemical,whicharecloselyrelatedtotwotypesofchangethatmatterundergoes.
Physicalpropertiesarethosethatasubstanceshowsbyitself,withoutchangingintoorinteractingwithanothersubstance.Somephysicalpropertiesarecolor,smell,temperature,boilingpoint,electricalconductivity,anddensity.Aphysicalchangeisachangethatdoesnotalterthechemicalidentityofthematter.Aphysicalchangeresultsindifferentphysicalproperties.Forexample,whenicemelts,severalphysicalpropertieshavechanged,suchashardness,density,andabilitytoflow.Butthesamplehasnotchangeditscomposition:
itisstillwater.
Chemicalpropertiesarethosethatdochangethechemicalnatureofmatter.Achemicalchange,alsocalledachemicalreaction,isachangethatdoesalterthechemicalidentityofthesubstance.Itoccurswhenasubstance(orsubstances)isconvertedintoadifferentsubstance(orsubstances).Forexample,whenhydrogenburnsinair,itundergoesachemicalchangebecauseitcombineswithoxygentoformwater.
SeparationofMixtures
Theseparationofmixturesintoitsconstituentsinapurestateisanimportantprocessinchemistry.Theconstituentsofanymixturecanbeseparatedonthebasisoftheirdifferencesintheirphysicalandchemicalpropertiese.g.,particlesize,solubility,effectofheat,acidityorbasicityetc.
Someofthemethodsforseparationofmixturesare:
(1)Sedimentationordecantation.Toseparatethemixtureofcoarseparticlesofasolidfromaliquide.g.,muddyriverwater.
(2)Filtration.Toseparatetheinsolublesolidcomponentofamixturefromtheliquidcompletelyi.e.separatingtheprecipitate(solidphase)fromanysolution.
(3)Evaporation.Toseparateanon-volatilesolublesaltfromaliquidorrecoverthesolublesolidsolutefromthesolution.
(4)Crystallization.Toseparateasolidcompoundinpureandgeometricalform.
(5)Sublimation.Toseparatevolatilesolids,fromanon-volatilesolid.
(6)Distillation.Toseparatetheconstituentsofaliquidmixture,whichdifferintheirboilingpoints.
(7)Solventextractionmethod.Organiccompounds,whichareeasilysolubleinorganicsolventsbutinsolubleorimmisciblewithwaterformingtwoseparatelayerscanbeeasilyseparated.
1.3Atoms,MoleculesandCompounds
Thefundamentalunitofachemicalsubstanceiscalledanatom.ThewordisderivedfromtheGreekatomos,meaning“undivisible”or“uncuttable”.Anatomisthesmallestpossibleparticleofasubstance.
Moleculeisthesmallestparticleofasubstancethatretainsthechemicalandphysicalpropertiesofthesubstanceandiscomposedoftwoormoreatoms;agroupoflikeordifferentatomsheldtogetherbychemicalforces.Amoleculemayconsistofatomsofasinglechemicalelement,aswithoxygen(O2),orofdifferentelements,aswithwater(H2O).
Achemicalelementisapurechemicalsubstanceconsistingofonetypeofatomdistinguishedbyitsatomicnumber,whichisthenumberofprotonsinitsnucleus.Thetermisalsousedtorefertoapurechemicalsubstancecomposedofatomswiththesamenumberofprotons.UntilMarch2010,118elementshavebeenobserved.94elementsoccurnaturallyonearth,eitherasthepureelementormorecommonlyasacomponentincompounds.80elementshavestableisotopes,namelyallelementswithatomicnumbers1to82,exceptelements43and61(technetiumandpromethium).Elementswithatomicnumbers83orhigher(bismuthandabove)areinherentlyunstable,andundergoradioactivedecay.Theelementsfromatomicnumber83to94havenostablenuclei,butareneverthelessfoundinnature,eithersurvivingasremnantsoftheprimordialstellarnucleosynthesisthatproducedtheelementsinthesolarsystem,orelseproducedasshort-liveddaughter-isotopesthroughthenaturaldecayofuraniumandthorium.Theremaining24elementssoareartificial,orsynthetic,elements,whichareproductsofman-inducedprocesses.Thesesyntheticelementsareallcharacteristicallyunstable.Althoughtheyhavenotbeenfoundinnature,itisconceivablethatintheearlyhistoryoftheearth,theseandpossiblyotherunknownelementsmayhavebeenpresent.Theirunstablenaturecouldhaveresultedintheirdisappearancefromthenaturalcomponentsoftheearth,however.
Thenaturallyoccurringelementswerenotalldiscoveredatthesametime.Some,suchasgold,silver,iron,lead,andcopper,havebeenknownsincethedaysofearliestcivilizations.Others,suchashelium,radium,aluminium,andbromine,werediscoveredinthenineteenthcentury.Themostabundantelementsfoundintheearth’scrust,inorderofdecreasingpercentage,areoxygen,silico