语言与文化 考试重点.docx

1、语言与文化 考试重点Chapter 1 Language culture and thought1 properties of languageLanguage is systematic :which means that it is rule governed Language is arbitrary :Language consists of arbitrary symbols There is no logical relationship between words and the objects actions or concepts these words are used t

2、o refer to(onomatopoeic words and compounds)Language is symbolic :Words are associated with objects actions and ideas through conventionLanguage is vocal :This statement means that speech is the primary medium of languageLanguage is uniquely human :Language is human specific Only human beings posses

3、s what can be called language in the true sense of the termLanguage is used for communication :Communication is the primary function of language Language is used to understand and describe the world :Language is the carrier and container of cultural information :Human beings have been interacting wi

4、th the world and accumulated their experience and knowledge about the world which are interpreted as cultural information 2 Definitions and properties of culture 2.1 Definitions of cultureIn English cultureis a loan word from Latin in which it mainly meantcultivating or tilling the land2.1.1 Culture

5、 in its broad senseCulture in its broad sense is also called large C culture or academic cultureMaterials man has got to satisfy his needs :Everything manufactured in factories or grown on farmland Social institutions and organizations man ha establishedKnowledge about nature and man himself and art

6、istic developmentLanguage and other communication systemsCustoms habits and behavioural patterns Value systems world views national traits aesthetic standards and thinking patterns 2.1.2 Culture in its narrow sense Culture in its narrow sense is also called small c cultureor anthropological cultureC

7、ulture can be defined as lifeway of a population2.2 Properties of cultureCulture is human special Culture is a social phenomenon :This statement emphasizes the contrast between society and nature Culture is a national phenomenon :Each nation has been living in its unique geographical and historical

8、framework in which a unique culture has been establish and is developingCulture is also a historical phenomenon ;Each generation inherits the culture established by its forefathers Culture is general and abstract3 Relationship between language culture and thought3.1 Relationship between language and

9、 cultureLanguage is part of cultureLanguage is the carrier and container of cultureAs a mirror of culture language is strongly influenced and shaped by cultureLanguage also exerts its influence on cultureLanguage and culture is closely related each influencing and shaping the other3.2 thought Though

10、t is the function and product of the human brainThought also refers to patterns of ideas characteristic of a social group3.3 Relationship between language and thoughtLanguage is an instrument used in the communication of thought Language is closely related to thinkingLanguage is influenced and shape

11、d by thoughtLanguage is used for conveying ideas its structure and function must reflect these ideasLanguage also exerts strong influence on thought 3.4 Concluding remarks on the relationship between language thought and cultureThe three aspects interact each influencing and shaping the other two4 I

12、ntercultural communicationIntercultural communication is concerned with communication among people from different cultural backgroundsIntercultural communication mainly deals with verbal and nonverbal interacting and related factors in intercultural communicationChapter 2 Words and Meaning1 What are

13、 words and meaning1.1 WordWords are units of expression which language users can intuitively recognize in either speech or writing1.2 Meaning1.2.1 Conceptual meaningConceptual meaning is the basic meaning presented by meaningful linguistic units,the central factor in linguistic communicationThe rela

14、tionship between a word and an object in the real world or a concept in our mind to which the word refer is the conceptual meaning of the word1.2.2 Connotative meaningConnotative meaning is the communicative value an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning (woman statesman politi

15、cian)1.2.3 Social meaningSocial meaning or stylistic meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances (language users settings topics) (domicile residence abode home)1.2.4 Affective meaningAffective meaning is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in lan

16、guage1.2.5 Reflected meaningReflected meaning arises in words of multiple conceptual meaning (the Comforter the Holy Ghost intercourse ejaculation erection)1.2.6 Collocative meaningCollocative meaning consists of associations a word gets from those words that are often used together with it (pretty

17、handsome)1.2.7 Thematic meaningThematic meaning is what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes a message ordering focus emphasis1.2.1-1.2.6 :heading associative meaning 2.words and conceptual meaning2.1 Words and culture-specific conceptual meaning2.1.1 Words and geography

18、The United States of America 美利坚合众国 The Mississippi 密西西比河 Superior 苏必利尔湖 Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布 Rocky Mountains 落基山脉 Washington 华盛顿 poke 美洲商陆 terrapin 北美泥龟 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 The Thames 泰晤士河 the Channel 英吉利海峡 England 英格兰London 伦敦The Commonwealth of

19、Australia 澳大利亚联邦New South Wales 新南威尔士州Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁 Great Victoria Desert 大维多利亚沙漠 Canberra 堪培拉koala 考拉熊 kangaroo 袋鼠2.1.2 Words and historyAmerican history The May flower五月花号The Revolutionary war or War of Independence 独立战争Continental Congress 大陆会议Emancipation Proclamation 解放宣言 Homestead Ac

20、宅地法案Scalp 波代发头皮Lynch 私刑Cowboy 牛仔 Hippie 嬉皮士British historyDuck a nobleman holding the highest hereditary title outside the royal family 公爵Knight a man given the rank of knighthood by the British monarch in recognition of merits in public service 骑士Glorious Revolution 光荣革命Castle 光荣革命Fort 要塞或壁垒式的贸易站2.

21、1.3 Words and politicsPresident 总统the elected head of the government in the USACongress 国会the federal legislature of the USASupreme Court 最高法院the highest judicial body in the USA Democratic Party 民主党Republican Party 共和党Queen 女王the female monarch of the UK Prime Minister 首相 the leader of the British

22、government Parliament 议会 the supreme legislative body of the United KingdomLabour Party 工党 Conservative Party 保守党 Governor-General 总督2.1.4 Words and the ChristianityTrinity Bible Catholic Orthodox Eastern Church Reformation Protestant Puritan Mass2.1.5 Words and HolidaysChristmas box(圣诞节礼) Christmas

23、 Card(圣诞贺卡) Christmas tree(圣诞树) Christmas pudding(圣诞布丁) Christmas rose(圣诞玫瑰) Christmastide(圣诞节节期) Thanksgiving Day(感恩节) Boxing Day(节礼日) Easter(复活节) St. Valentines Day(情人节) April Fools Day(愚人节) Anzac Day(新澳军团日)2.1.6 Words and living stylesHot dog(热狗) Hamburger(汉堡包) Sandwich(三明治) Pudding(布丁) Salad(沙拉)

24、 Whisky(威士忌) Cocktail(鸡尾酒) Drive-ins 汽车的 Diners (用餐) Baseball (垒球) Rugby(橄榄球) Hockey(曲棍球) Water skiing(滑水) Polo(马球) Golf(高尔夫球) Striptease(脱衣舞)Love store(色情商店) X-rated sexploitation movies() Late-late TV shows2.2 English words that correspond partially in conceptual meaning with their translation equ

25、ivalents in Chinese.Intellectuals (知识分子) Social sciences (社会科学)A Yard(院子) Quadrangle Courtyards (四合院)Drugstore(AE) Chemists shop (BE)(药店)Chauvinist pig :a guy who believes that woman are inferior Dude athlete macho stud hunk Don Juan playboy egotist fratty bagger :guys who think they are really cool

26、 woman-pleaser types conceited type of peopleTurkey nerd jerk prick bastard pimp skinhead redneck dog :they are people a woman may not want to be seen with or want to talk to Wimp, sissy, homosexual, queer, gay, hippie: 奇怪的, 同性恋者.Couchwarmer:Ladies manMan, boy, guy, fellow, gentleman, boyfriend, fia

27、nc, lover, sweet heart: 指男性的2.3 English words and what may be mistaken for their equivalents in Chinese.Greenhouse(温室) Busywork(耗时而无价值的工作) Busmans holiday(消磨于与日常工作类似这活动的假日) Busybody(爱管闲事的人) Housewarming(乔迁之喜) Donkeywork(单调的日常工作) Police action(维和行动) Lowboy(矮脚抽屉柜) Free love(公开同居) First Lady(第一夫人)High

28、school(中学) Rest room(公共建筑物内的洗水间,厕所)Equalitarianism or egalitarianism(平均主义) Lover(情人) Disinterested(公正的,不偏不倚的) Cooker(炊事用具)Wester(西风)2.4 Words, conceptual meaning and word formationGeneral termsTerms of maleTerms of femaleTerms for young鸡chicken公鸡 cock母鸡hen小鸡chick鸭duck公鸭drake母鸭duck小鸭duckling鹅goose公鹅g

29、ander母鹅goose小鹅gosling马horse公马stallion母马mare小马foal牛cattle, cow公牛bull母牛cow小牛calf羊sheep公羊ram母羊ewe小羊lamb猪pig公猪boar母猪sow小猪shoat狗dog公狗dog母狗bitch小狗puppy猫cat公猫tomcat母猫cat小猫kitten鹿deer公鹿stag母鹿doe小鹿fawn3. Words and associative meaning3.1 Words and connotative meaningbook: C: contain knowledge and wisdom for p

30、eople, youth must learnE: it express ideas for people to consider, to agree or disagree, and to commentSexy: C: connotes loose sex moralityE: it is a positive human qualityOld, young: C: young means inexperienced, and inconsistent. Old means mature, skilled and experienced.E: young means flexible, v

31、igorous, and creative. Old means traditional, senile, and useless.Dog: C: is very pejorative.E: it can even be considered as a family member.Peasant: C: doesnt have derogatory connotations.E: it has derogatoryLandlord, capitalist, boss: C: are pejorative in ChineseE: notComrade: C: connotes warmth,

32、friendliness and equalityE: means spies of the Soviet UnionAmbitious, aggressive: C: it is pejorativeE: it is considered good qualities and both positive in meaning.Self-made man: C:E: it is positive term. Connoting lack of financial foundation and influential connections.Individualism: C: it is means selfishnessE: it