语言与文化 考试重点.docx

语言与文化 考试重点.docx

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语言与文化考试重点

Chapter1Languagecultureandthought

1propertiesoflanguage

Languageissystematic:

whichmeansthatitisrulegoverned

Languageisarbitrary:

LanguageconsistsofarbitrarysymbolsThereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenwordsandtheobjectsactionsorconceptsthesewordsareusedtoreferto（onomatopoeicwordsandcompounds）

Languageissymbolic:

Wordsareassociatedwithobjectsactionsandideasthroughconvention

Languageisvocal:

Thisstatementmeansthatspeechistheprimarymediumoflanguage

Languageisuniquelyhuman:

LanguageishumanspecificOnlyhumanbeingspossesswhatcanbecalledlanguageinthetruesenseoftheterm

Languageisusedforcommunication:

Communicationistheprimaryfunctionoflanguage

Languageisusedtounderstandanddescribetheworld:

Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturalinformation:

Humanbeingshavebeeninteractingwiththeworldandaccumulatedtheirexperienceandknowledgeabouttheworldwhichareinterpretedasculturalinformation

2Definitionsandpropertiesofculture

2.1Definitionsofculture

InEnglish"culture"isaloanwordfromLatininwhichitmainlymeant"cultivatingortillingtheland"

2.1.1Cultureinitsbroadsense

Cultureinitsbroadsenseisalsocalled"largeCculture"or"academicculture"

Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds:

Everythingmanufacturedinfactoriesorgrownonfarmland

Socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhaestablished

Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment

Languageandothercommunicationsystems

Customshabitsandbehaviouralpatterns

Valuesystemsworldviewsnationaltraitsaestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns

2.1.2Cultureinitsnarrowsense

Cultureinitsnarrowsenseisalsocalled"smallcculture"or"anthropologicalculture"

Culturecanbedefinedaslifewayofapopulation

2.2Propertiesofculture

Cultureishumanspecial

Cultureisasocialphenomenon:

Thisstatementemphasizesthecontrastbetweensocietyandnature

Cultureisanationalphenomenon:

Eachnationhasbeenlivinginitsuniquegeographicalandhistoricalframeworkinwhichauniqueculturehasbeenestablishandisdeveloping

Cultureisalsoahistoricalphenomenon;Eachgenerationinheritsthecultureestablishedbyitsforefathers

Cultureisgeneralandabstract

3Relationshipbetweenlanguagecultureandthought

3.1Relationshipbetweenlanguageandculture

Languageispartofculture

Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculture

Asamirrorofculturelanguageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture

Languagealsoexertsitsinfluenceonculture

Languageandcultureiscloselyrelatedeachinfluencingandshapingtheother

3.2thought

Thoughtisthefunctionandproductofthehumanbrain

Thoughtalsoreferstopatternsofideascharacteristicofasocialgroup

3.3Relationshipbetweenlanguageandthought

Languageisaninstrumentusedinthecommunicationofthought

Languageiscloselyrelatedtothinking

Languageisinfluencedandshapedbythought

Languageisusedforconveyingideasitsstructureandfunctionmustreflecttheseideas

Languagealsoexertsstronginfluenceonthought

3.4Concludingremarksontherelationshipbetweenlanguagethoughtandculture

Thethreeaspectsinteracteachinfluencingandshapingtheothertwo

4Interculturalcommunication

Interculturalcommunicationisconcernedwithcommunicationamongpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds

Interculturalcommunicationmainlydealswithverbalandnonverbalinteractingandrelatedfactorsininterculturalcommunication

Chapter2WordsandMeaning

1Whatarewordsandmeaning

1.1Word

Wordsareunitsofexpressionwhichlanguageuserscanintuitivelyrecognizeineitherspeechorwriting

1.2Meaning

1.2.1Conceptualmeaning

Conceptualmeaningisthebasicmeaningpresentedbymeaningfullinguisticunits,thecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunication

Therelationshipbetweenawordandanobjectintherealworldoraconceptinourmindtowhichthewordreferistheconceptualmeaningoftheword

1.2.2Connotativemeaning

Connotativemeaningisthecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning（womanstatesmanpolitician）

1.2.3Socialmeaning

Socialmeaningorstylisticmeaningiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstances（languageuserssettingstopics）（domicileresidenceabodehome）

1.2.4Affectivemeaning

Affectivemeaningiscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressedinlanguage

1.2.5Reflectedmeaning

Reflectedmeaningarisesinwordsofmultipleconceptualmeaning（theComfortertheHolyGhostintercourseejaculationerection）

1.2.6Collocativemeaning

Collocativemeaningconsistsofassociationsawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherwithit（prettyhandsome）

1.2.7Thematicmeaning

Thematicmeaningiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesamessageorderingfocusemphasis

1.2.1--1.2.6:

headingassociativemeaning

2.wordsandconceptualmeaning

2.1Wordsandculture-specificconceptualmeaning

2.1.1Wordsandgeography

TheUnitedStatesofAmerica美利坚合众国TheMississippi密西西比河Superior苏必利尔湖NiagaraFalls尼亚加拉大瀑布RockyMountains落基山脉Washington华盛顿poke美洲商陆terrapin北美泥龟TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国TheThames泰晤士河theChannel英吉利海峡England英格兰London伦敦TheCommonwealthofAustralia澳大利亚联邦NewSouthWales新南威尔士州GreatBarrierReef大堡礁GreatVictoriaDesert大维多利亚沙漠Canberra堪培拉koala考拉熊kangaroo袋鼠

2.1.2Wordsandhistory

Americanhistory

TheMayflower五月花号TheRevolutionarywarorWarofIndependence独立战争ContinentalCongress大陆会议EmancipationProclamation解放宣言HomesteadAc宅地法案Scalp波代发头皮Lynch私刑Cowboy牛仔Hippie嬉皮士

Britishhistory

Duckanoblemanholdingthehighesthereditarytitleoutsidetheroyalfamily公爵

KnightamangiventherankofknighthoodbytheBritishmonarchinrecognitionofmeritsinpublicservice骑士GloriousRevolution光荣革命Castle光荣革命Fort要塞或壁垒式的贸易站

2.1.3Wordsandpolitics

President总统theelectedheadofthegovernmentintheUSA

Congress国会thefederallegislatureoftheUSA

SupremeCourt最高法院thehighestjudicialbodyintheUSA

DemocraticParty民主党RepublicanParty共和党

Queen女王thefemalemonarchoftheUKPrimeMinister首相theleaderoftheBritishgovernmentParliament议会thesupremelegislativebodyoftheUnitedKingdom

LabourParty工党ConservativeParty保守党Governor-General总督

2.1.4WordsandtheChristianity

TrinityBibleCatholicOrthodoxEasternChurchReformationProtestantPuritanMass

2.1.5WordsandHolidays

Christmasbox（圣诞节礼）ChristmasCard（圣诞贺卡）Christmastree（圣诞树）Christmaspudding（圣诞布丁）Christmasrose（圣诞玫瑰）Christmastide（圣诞节节期）ThanksgivingDay（感恩节）BoxingDay（节礼日）Easter（复活节）St.Valentine’sDay（情人节）AprilFool’sDay（愚人节）AnzacDay（新澳军团日）

2.1.6Wordsandlivingstyles

Hotdog（热狗）Hamburger（汉堡包）Sandwich（三明治）Pudding（布丁）Salad（沙拉）Whisky（威士忌）Cocktail（鸡尾酒）Drive-ins汽车的Diners（用餐）Baseball（垒球）Rugby（橄榄球）Hockey（曲棍球）Waterskiing（滑水）Polo（马球）Golf（高尔夫球）Striptease（脱衣舞）Lovestore（色情商店）X-ratedsexploitationmovies（）Late-lateTVshows

2.2EnglishwordsthatcorrespondpartiallyinconceptualmeaningwiththeirtranslationequivalentsinChinese.

Intellectuals（知识分子）Socialsciences（社会科学）

AYard（院子）QuadrangleCourtyards（四合院）

Drugstore（AE）Chemist’sshop（BE）（药店）

Chauvinistpig:

aguywhobelievesthatwomanareinferior

DudeathletemachostudhunkDonJuanplayboyegotistfrattybagger:

guyswhothinktheyarereallycoolwoman-pleasertypesconceitedtypeofpeople

Turkeynerdjerkprickbastardpimpskinheadredneckdog:

theyarepeopleawomanmaynotwanttobeseenwithorwanttotalkto

Wimp,sissy,homosexual,queer,gay,hippie:

奇怪的,同性恋者.

Couchwarmer:

Ladies’man

Man,boy,guy,fellow,gentleman,boyfriend,fiancé,lover,sweetheart:

指男性的

2.3EnglishwordsandwhatmaybemistakenfortheirequivalentsinChinese.

Greenhouse（温室）Busywork（耗时而无价值的工作）Busman’sholiday（消磨于与日常工作类似这活动的假日）Busybody（爱管闲事的人）Housewarming（乔迁之喜）Donkeywork（单调的日常工作）Policeaction（维和行动）Lowboy（矮脚抽屉柜）Freelove（公开同居）FirstLady（第一夫人）

Highschool（中学）Restroom（公共建筑物内的洗水间,厕所）Equalitarianismoregalitarianism（平均主义）Lover（情人）Disinterested（公正的,不偏不倚的）Cooker（炊事用具）Wester（西风）

2.4Words,conceptualmeaningandwordformation

Generalterms

Termsofmale

Termsoffemale

Termsforyoung

鸡chicken

公鸡cock

母鸡hen

小鸡chick

鸭duck

公鸭drake

母鸭duck

小鸭duckling

鹅goose

公鹅gander

母鹅goose

小鹅gosling

马horse

公马stallion

母马mare

小马foal

牛cattle,cow

公牛bull

母牛cow

小牛calf

羊sheep

公羊ram

母羊ewe

小羊lamb

猪pig

公猪boar

母猪sow

小猪shoat

狗dog

公狗dog

母狗bitch

小狗puppy

猫cat

公猫tomcat

母猫cat

小猫kitten

鹿deer

公鹿stag

母鹿doe

小鹿fawn

3.Wordsandassociativemeaning

3.1Wordsandconnotativemeaning

book:

C:

containknowledgeandwisdomforpeople,youthmustlearn

E:

itexpressideasforpeopletoconsider,toagreeordisagree,andtocomment

Sexy:

C:

connotesloosesexmorality

E:

itisapositivehumanquality

Old,young:

C:

youngmeansinexperienced,andinconsistent.Oldmeansmature,skilledandexperienced.

E:

youngmeansflexible,vigorous,andcreative.Oldmeanstraditional,senile,anduseless.

Dog:

C:

isverypejorative.

E:

itcanevenbeconsideredasafamilymember.

Peasant:

C:

doesn’thavederogatoryconnotations.

E:

ithasderogatory

Landlord,capitalist,boss:

C:

arepejorativeinChinese

E:

not

Comrade:

C:

connoteswarmth,friendlinessandequality

E:

meansspiesoftheSovietUnion

Ambitious,aggressive:

C:

itispejorative

E:

itisconsideredgoodqualitiesandbothpositiveinmeaning.

Self-mademan:

C:

E:

itispositiveterm.Connotinglackoffinancialfoundationandinfluentialconnections.

Individualism:

C:

itismeansselfishness

E:

it