英国文学期末复习总结版.docx

1、英国文学期末复习总结版 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)With his 38 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems, he has established his giant position in world literature. Sonnet: It is a 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter, with a rhymed pattern: abab cdcd efef ggPoetry: The Sonnets, A Lover

2、s Complaint, The Rape of Lucrece, Venus and Adonis, Funeral Elegy by W.S. Divisions of his literary career1. The First Period(1590-1600)Henry VI Richard III Titus Andronicus The Comedy of Errors The Taming of the Shrew Two Gentlemen of Verona Loves Labours Lost 2. The Second Period1601-1608)4 Histor

3、ies: Richard II, Henry IV, Part I and Part II Henry V 6 Comedies: 四大喜剧The Merchant of Venice As You Like I Twelfth Night Midsummer Nights Dream Much Ado About Nothing The Merry Wives of WindsorTwo Tragidies in this period Romeo and Juliet Julius Caesar 3. The Third Period(1609-1612)Antony and Cleopa

4、tra Troilus and Cressida Coriolanus Timon of AthensComedies：Alls Well That Ends Well Measure for Measure4. The Fourth Period Principal Romantic Tragicomedies Pericles Prince of Tyre Cymbeline The winters Tale The Tempest Plays : Herry VIII , The Two Noble Kinsmen Features of his dramatic works:Shake

5、speare is a realist.-authentic panorama of his age-characters are representatives of the people of his timeShakespeare is a master of English language.-language reveals the peculiarities of his character-use about 16,000 words in his writings-create a lot of new words and expressionsShakespeare is g

6、ood at many poetic forms.blank verse Analysis of “Hamlet”哈姆雷特提要丹麦国王新死，在国外求学的王子哈姆雷特回国奔丧，参加的却是母后与叔父克劳迪斯的婚礼。模样似先王的鬼魂在夜间出现，告诉哈姆雷特是克劳迪斯阴谋杀害了他。哈姆雷特立志为父复仇。他开始装疯，有意疏远恋人奥菲莉娅；他请来戏班，按他所写的剧本演出王后与情夫合谋杀害国王的故事，以刺探克劳迪斯的反应。后者有所警觉，便派人将哈姆雷特送往英国，并指使差人带信，让英王处决哈姆雷特。但阴谋败露，哈姆雷特回国，得知奥菲莉娅因失恋神经失常溺水而亡。奥菲莉娅的哥哥雷厄提斯愤怒提出与哈姆雷特决斗，而克

7、劳迪斯则为两人安排了一场击剑比赛，设计让雷厄提斯用沾了毒药的剑将哈姆雷特刺死。比赛中，哈姆雷特被毒剑刺中，雷厄提斯也受了致命伤，王后误喝了克劳迪斯为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒而身亡。雷厄提斯临死前说出真相，哈姆雷特杀死了克劳迪斯后也最终死去。 Hamlet is without question the most famous play in the English language. Probably written in 1601 or 1602, the tragedy is a milestone in Shakespeares dramatic development; the playwr

8、ight achieved artistic maturity in this work through his brilliant depiction of the heros struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity and the need to avenge his fathers murder. Humanist IdeasAs a humanist of the time ,he was frightened by the feudal tyranny and disunity and internecine strugg

9、le for power at the court, which led to civil wars. In his dramatic creation, esp. in his historical or tragic plays, he affirms the importance of the feudal system in a bid to uphold social orderThere is also a limit to his sympathy for the downtrodden and to his antipathy for the ruling class.He f

10、ears anarchy, hates rebellion and despises democracy. The only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the society to seek comfort in his dream. Literary Ideas He accept the Renaissance point of view on literature and advocated to drill the cream of the ancient Greek and Roman literature, so

11、 as to serve the society and the reality. He holds that literature will be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth Analysis of “To be, or not to be”The main ideaThe speech conveys a sense of world-weariness as well as the authors incisive comments on the social reality of his time.Unlike the ear

12、lier single-minded avengers, Hamlet lives between action and resolution. He is so contemplative that he examines the nature of the action only to deny its possibility. He considers it better for people to die, but then says nobody knows what happens in the afterlife.One of the clearest summaries of

13、this soliloquy was provided by Schopenhauer :“The essential purport of the world-famous monologue in Hamlet is, in condensed form, that our state is so wretched that complete non-existence would be decidedly preferable to it. Now if suicide actually offered us this, so that the alternative to be or

14、not to be lay before us in the full sense of the words, it could be chosen unconditionally as a highly desirable termination (a consummation devoutly to be wishd Act III, Sc. I.). There is something in us, however, which tells us that this is not so, that this is not the end of things, that death is

15、 not an absolute annihilation. .Francis Bacon(1561-1626) The first English essayistMasterpiece: Of Studies The founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England.英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父-MarxEnglish philosopher, essayist, courtier, jurist durist, and statesman. He wrote es

16、says in both English and Latin. His “Essays”论文集was very famous at that time and “Of Study” was taken from it. Classification of his worksa.The philosophical works: The advancement of Learningb.Literary works: Essaysc. Professional works: Marxims of the lawThe founder of English materialist philosoph

17、y and the founder of modern science in England, the first English essayistMasterpiece: Of Studies Literary characteristics 1). the puritan age/influence: gloom age Poem: John Milton, metaphysical poets Prose: john Bunyan2). Restoration/French influence drama: rimed couplet literature: witty and clev

18、er, immoral and cynical on the whole Bacons EssaysHis Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. And the neatness, t

19、he preciseness, the gravity, and the weightiness are the essential qualities of his writings.Balance and opposition are the most common strategies he uses to achieve both the appearance of balance and the concealment of his own opinions under the cloak伪装of the opposing alternatives. Of Studies a.Fiv

20、e parts: purpose of reading，attitudes towards study，principles of studies，study method, study develop your character/effect of study on human characterStyle: a. The arguments are well arranged in unity and coherence in one paragraph.b.The conciseness of expressions and phrases presents a plain style

21、 as well as his simple language.c.The simple metaphors have deep implications.d.The omission makes the essay concise简洁的, clear and coherent.e.The natural flow of parallels makes his logic and philosophical argument convincingly and forceful. E.g. To spend too much time in studyCrafty man simple man.

22、Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。For expert men can exec

23、ute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement only by their rules, is the h

24、umour of a scholar. 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they b

25、e bounded in by experience. 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书

26、并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is

27、, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort o

28、f books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。Reading maketh a full man；conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write littl

29、e， he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. maketh: make的第三人称用法 ready: 即ready-witted，指敏于思考的能力。 doth: do的第三人称单数用法 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺

30、世有术，始能无知而显有知Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric，able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. Bacons Importance to Literature1. he was the first English writer to pay attention to the audience to whom he was writing. 2. h

31、e wrote the greatest tracts on education in the English language, Advancement of Learning.3. he and Newton represent the advancement of science during the 17th century. In fact, Bacon devised the inductive method of doing research. 4. he introduced the essay as a literary form into the English langu

32、age. “knowledge is power” -His famous aphorism f,rzm格言,警句 Romantic Poetry （1）(1798-1832)The publication of The Lyrical Ballads collaborated by Wordsworth and Coleridge marked the beginning of Romantic Movement in 1798 and The death of Walter Scott marked its ending in 1832. Historical BackgroundPolitically The most important French Revolution (1789), which at first gave