英国文学期末复习总结版.docx

英国文学期末复习总结版.docx

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英国文学期末复习总结版

◆WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）

Withhis38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems,hehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliterature.

✓Sonnet:

Itisa14-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter,witharhymedpattern:

ababcdcdefefgg

Poetry:

TheSonnets,ALover'sComplaint,TheRapeofLucrece,

VenusandAdonis,FuneralElegybyW.S.

✓Divisionsofhisliterarycareer

1.TheFirstPeriod（1590-1600）

HenryVIRichardIIITitusAndronicusTheComedyofErrorsTheTamingoftheShrewTwoGentlemenofVeronaLove’sLabour’sLost

2.TheSecondPeriod1601-1608）

4Histories:

RichardII,HenryIV,PartIandPartIIHenryV

6Comedies:

四大喜剧TheMerchantofVeniceAsYouLikeITwelfthNightMidsummerNight’sDreamMuchAdoAboutNothingTheMerryWivesofWindsor

TwoTragidiesinthisperiodRomeoandJulietJuliusCaesar

3.TheThirdPeriod（1609-1612）

AntonyandCleopatraTroilusandCressidaCoriolanusTimonofAthens

Comedies：

All’sWellThatEndsWellMeasureforMeasure

4.TheFourthPeriod

PrincipalRomanticTragicomediesPericlesPrinceofTyreCymbeline

Thewinter’sTaleTheTempest

Plays:

HerryVIII,TheTwoNobleKinsmen

✓Featuresofhisdramaticworks:

Shakespeareisarealist.

---authenticpanoramaofhisage

---charactersarerepresentativesofthepeopleofhistime

ShakespeareisamasterofEnglishlanguage.

---languagerevealsthepeculiaritiesofhischaracter

---useabout16,000wordsinhiswritings

---createalotofnewwordsandexpressions

Shakespeareisgoodatmanypoeticforms.——blankverse

◆Analysisof“Hamlet”

《哈姆雷特》提要

丹麦国王新死，在国外求学的王子哈姆雷特回国奔丧，参加的却是母后与叔父克劳迪斯的婚礼。

模样似先王的鬼魂在夜间出现，告诉哈姆雷特是克劳迪斯阴谋杀害了他。

哈姆雷特立志为父复仇。

他开始装疯，有意疏远恋人奥菲莉娅；他请来戏班，按他所写的剧本演出王后与情夫合谋杀害国王的故事，以刺探克劳迪斯的反应。

后者有所警觉，便派人将哈姆雷特送往英国，并指使差人带信，让英王处决哈姆雷特。

但阴谋败露，哈姆雷特回国，得知奥菲莉娅因失恋神经失常溺水而亡。

奥菲莉娅的哥哥雷厄提斯愤怒提出与哈姆雷特决斗，而克劳迪斯则为两人安排了一场击剑比赛，设计让雷厄提斯用沾了毒药的剑将哈姆雷特刺死。

比赛中，哈姆雷特被毒剑刺中，雷厄提斯也受了致命伤，王后误喝了克劳迪斯为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒而身亡。

雷厄提斯临死前说出真相，哈姆雷特杀死了克劳迪斯后也最终死去。

✓HamletiswithoutquestionthemostfamousplayintheEnglishlanguage.Probablywrittenin1601or1602,thetragedyisamilestoneinShakespeare'sdramaticdevelopment;theplaywrightachievedartisticmaturityinthisworkthroughhisbrilliantdepictionofthehero'sstrugglewithtwoopposingforces:

moralintegrityandtheneedtoavengehisfather'smurder.

✓HumanistIdeas

Asahumanistofthetime,hewasfrightenedbythefeudaltyrannyanddisunityandinternecinestruggleforpoweratthecourt,whichledtocivilwars.

Inhisdramaticcreation,esp.inhishistoricalortragicplays,heaffirmstheimportanceofthefeudalsysteminabidtoupholdsocialorder

Thereisalsoalimittohissympathyforthedowntroddenandtohisantipathyfortherulingclass.

Hefearsanarchy,hatesrebellionanddespisesdemocracy.

Theonlythinghecandoasahumanististoescapefromthesocietytoseekcomfortinhisdream.

✓LiteraryIdeas

HeaccepttheRenaissancepointofviewonliteratureandadvocatedtodrillthecreamoftheancientGreekandRomanliterature,soastoservethesocietyandthereality.

Heholdsthatliteraturewillbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth

✓Analysisof“Tobe,ornottobe”

Themainidea

Thespeechconveysasenseofworld-wearinessaswellastheauthor’sincisivecommentsonthesocialrealityofhistime.

Unliketheearliersingle-mindedavengers,Hamletlivesbetweenactionandresolution.Heissocontemplativethatheexaminesthenatureoftheactiononlytodenyitspossibility.Heconsidersitbetterforpeopletodie,butthensaysnobodyknowswhathappensintheafterlife.

OneoftheclearestsummariesofthissoliloquywasprovidedbySchopenhauer:

“Theessentialpurportoftheworld-famousmonologueinHamletis,incondensedform,thatourstateissowretchedthatcompletenon-existencewouldbedecidedlypreferabletoit.Nowifsuicideactuallyofferedusthis,sothatthealternative"tobeornottobe"laybeforeusinthefullsenseofthewords,itcouldbechosenunconditionallyasahighlydesirabletermination（"aconsummationdevoutlytobewish'd"[ActIII,Sc.I.]）.Thereissomethinginus,however,whichtellsusthatthisisnotso,thatthisisnottheendofthings,thatdeathisnotanabsoluteannihilation.' .

FrancisBacon（1561-1626）ThefirstEnglishessayist Masterpiece:

OfStudies

ThefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父--Marx

Englishphilosopher,essayist,courtier,jurist[‘dʒuərist],andstatesman.HewroteessaysinbothEnglishandLatin.His“Essays”《论文集》wasveryfamousatthattimeand“OfStudy”wastakenfromit.

✓Classificationofhisworks

a. Thephilosophicalworks:

TheadvancementofLearning

b. Literaryworks:

Essays

c.Professionalworks:

Marximsofthelaw

ThefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland,thefirstEnglishessayist

Masterpiece:

OfStudies

✓Literarycharacteristics

1）.thepuritanage/influence:

gloomage

•Poem:

JohnMilton,metaphysicalpoets

•Prose:

johnBunyan

2）.Restoration/Frenchinfluence

•drama:

rimedcouplet

•literature:

wittyandclever,immoralandcynicalonthewhole

✓Bacon’sEssays

HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.

Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.

Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloak伪装oftheopposingalternatives. 

✓OfStudies

a.  Fiveparts:

purposeofreading，attitudestowardsstudy，principlesofstudies，studymethod,studydevelopyourcharacter/effectofstudyonhumancharacter

Style:

a..Theargumentsarewellarrangedinunityandcoherenceinoneparagraph.

b. Theconcisenessofexpressionsandphrasespresentsaplainstyleaswellashissimplelanguage.

c.  Thesimplemetaphorshavedeepimplications.

d. Theomissionmakestheessayconcise简洁的,clearandcoherent.

e. Thenaturalflowofparallelsmakeshislogicandphilosophicalargumentconvincinglyandforceful.E.g.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudy…

Craftyman…simpleman….

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.

读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。

其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。

Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementonlybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.

练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。

读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。

Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:

fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.

读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。

Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.

有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。

Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.

读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings　　

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。

换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。

书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。

Readingmakethafullman；conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle，hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.

maketh:

make的第三人称用法

ready:

即ready-witted，指敏于思考的能力。

doth:

do的第三人称单数用法

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。

因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知

Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoric，abletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmorse.

✓Bacon’sImportancetoLiterature

1.hewasthefirstEnglishwritertopayattentiontotheaudiencetowhomhewaswriting.

2.hewrotethegreatesttractsoneducationintheEnglishlanguage,AdvancementofLearning.

3.heandNewtonrepresenttheadvancementofscienceduringthe17thcentury.Infact,Bacondevisedtheinductivemethodofdoingresearch.

4.heintroducedtheessayasaliteraryformintotheEnglishlanguage.

“knowledgeispower”----Hisfamousaphorism[‘æfə,rɪzəm]格言,警句

◆RomanticPoetry

（1）（1798-1832）

ThepublicationofTheLyricalBalladscollaboratedbyWordsworthandColeridgemarkedthebeginningofRomanticMovementin1798andThedeathofWalterScottmarkeditsendingin1832.

✓HistoricalBackground

Politically

ThemostimportantFrenchRevolution（1789）,whichatfirstgave