英国文学期末复习总结版.docx
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英国文学期末复习总结版
◆WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
Withhis38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems,hehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliterature.
✓Sonnet:
Itisa14-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter,witharhymedpattern:
ababcdcdefefgg
Poetry:
TheSonnets,ALover'sComplaint,TheRapeofLucrece,
VenusandAdonis,FuneralElegybyW.S.
✓Divisionsofhisliterarycareer
1.TheFirstPeriod(1590-1600)
HenryVIRichardIIITitusAndronicusTheComedyofErrorsTheTamingoftheShrewTwoGentlemenofVeronaLove’sLabour’sLost
2.TheSecondPeriod1601-1608)
4Histories:
RichardII,HenryIV,PartIandPartIIHenryV
6Comedies:
四大喜剧TheMerchantofVeniceAsYouLikeITwelfthNightMidsummerNight’sDreamMuchAdoAboutNothingTheMerryWivesofWindsor
TwoTragidiesinthisperiodRomeoandJulietJuliusCaesar
3.TheThirdPeriod(1609-1612)
AntonyandCleopatraTroilusandCressidaCoriolanusTimonofAthens
Comedies:
All’sWellThatEndsWellMeasureforMeasure
4.TheFourthPeriod
PrincipalRomanticTragicomediesPericlesPrinceofTyreCymbeline
Thewinter’sTaleTheTempest
Plays:
HerryVIII,TheTwoNobleKinsmen
✓Featuresofhisdramaticworks:
Shakespeareisarealist.
---authenticpanoramaofhisage
---charactersarerepresentativesofthepeopleofhistime
ShakespeareisamasterofEnglishlanguage.
---languagerevealsthepeculiaritiesofhischaracter
---useabout16,000wordsinhiswritings
---createalotofnewwordsandexpressions
Shakespeareisgoodatmanypoeticforms.——blankverse
◆Analysisof“Hamlet”
《哈姆雷特》提要
丹麦国王新死,在国外求学的王子哈姆雷特回国奔丧,参加的却是母后与叔父克劳迪斯的婚礼。
模样似先王的鬼魂在夜间出现,告诉哈姆雷特是克劳迪斯阴谋杀害了他。
哈姆雷特立志为父复仇。
他开始装疯,有意疏远恋人奥菲莉娅;他请来戏班,按他所写的剧本演出王后与情夫合谋杀害国王的故事,以刺探克劳迪斯的反应。
后者有所警觉,便派人将哈姆雷特送往英国,并指使差人带信,让英王处决哈姆雷特。
但阴谋败露,哈姆雷特回国,得知奥菲莉娅因失恋神经失常溺水而亡。
奥菲莉娅的哥哥雷厄提斯愤怒提出与哈姆雷特决斗,而克劳迪斯则为两人安排了一场击剑比赛,设计让雷厄提斯用沾了毒药的剑将哈姆雷特刺死。
比赛中,哈姆雷特被毒剑刺中,雷厄提斯也受了致命伤,王后误喝了克劳迪斯为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒而身亡。
雷厄提斯临死前说出真相,哈姆雷特杀死了克劳迪斯后也最终死去。
✓HamletiswithoutquestionthemostfamousplayintheEnglishlanguage.Probablywrittenin1601or1602,thetragedyisamilestoneinShakespeare'sdramaticdevelopment;theplaywrightachievedartisticmaturityinthisworkthroughhisbrilliantdepictionofthehero'sstrugglewithtwoopposingforces:
moralintegrityandtheneedtoavengehisfather'smurder.
✓HumanistIdeas
Asahumanistofthetime,hewasfrightenedbythefeudaltyrannyanddisunityandinternecinestruggleforpoweratthecourt,whichledtocivilwars.
Inhisdramaticcreation,esp.inhishistoricalortragicplays,heaffirmstheimportanceofthefeudalsysteminabidtoupholdsocialorder
Thereisalsoalimittohissympathyforthedowntroddenandtohisantipathyfortherulingclass.
Hefearsanarchy,hatesrebellionanddespisesdemocracy.
Theonlythinghecandoasahumanististoescapefromthesocietytoseekcomfortinhisdream.
✓LiteraryIdeas
HeaccepttheRenaissancepointofviewonliteratureandadvocatedtodrillthecreamoftheancientGreekandRomanliterature,soastoservethesocietyandthereality.
Heholdsthatliteraturewillbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth
✓Analysisof“Tobe,ornottobe”
Themainidea
Thespeechconveysasenseofworld-wearinessaswellastheauthor’sincisivecommentsonthesocialrealityofhistime.
Unliketheearliersingle-mindedavengers,Hamletlivesbetweenactionandresolution.Heissocontemplativethatheexaminesthenatureoftheactiononlytodenyitspossibility.Heconsidersitbetterforpeopletodie,butthensaysnobodyknowswhathappensintheafterlife.
OneoftheclearestsummariesofthissoliloquywasprovidedbySchopenhauer:
“Theessentialpurportoftheworld-famousmonologueinHamletis,incondensedform,thatourstateissowretchedthatcompletenon-existencewouldbedecidedlypreferabletoit.Nowifsuicideactuallyofferedusthis,sothatthealternative"tobeornottobe"laybeforeusinthefullsenseofthewords,itcouldbechosenunconditionallyasahighlydesirabletermination("aconsummationdevoutlytobewish'd"[ActIII,Sc.I.]).Thereissomethinginus,however,whichtellsusthatthisisnotso,thatthisisnottheendofthings,thatdeathisnotanabsoluteannihilation.' .
FrancisBacon(1561-1626)ThefirstEnglishessayist Masterpiece:
OfStudies
ThefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父--Marx
Englishphilosopher,essayist,courtier,jurist[‘dʒuərist],andstatesman.HewroteessaysinbothEnglishandLatin.His“Essays”《论文集》wasveryfamousatthattimeand“OfStudy”wastakenfromit.
✓Classificationofhisworks
a. Thephilosophicalworks:
TheadvancementofLearning
b. Literaryworks:
Essays
c.Professionalworks:
Marximsofthelaw
ThefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland,thefirstEnglishessayist
Masterpiece:
OfStudies
✓Literarycharacteristics
1).thepuritanage/influence:
gloomage
•Poem:
JohnMilton,metaphysicalpoets
•Prose:
johnBunyan
2).Restoration/Frenchinfluence
•drama:
rimedcouplet
•literature:
wittyandclever,immoralandcynicalonthewhole
✓Bacon’sEssays
HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.
Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.
Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloak伪装oftheopposingalternatives.
✓OfStudies
a. Fiveparts:
purposeofreading,attitudestowardsstudy,principlesofstudies,studymethod,studydevelopyourcharacter/effectofstudyonhumancharacter
Style:
a..Theargumentsarewellarrangedinunityandcoherenceinoneparagraph.
b. Theconcisenessofexpressionsandphrasespresentsaplainstyleaswellashissimplelanguage.
c. Thesimplemetaphorshavedeepimplications.
d. Theomissionmakestheessayconcise简洁的,clearandcoherent.
e. Thenaturalflowofparallelsmakeshislogicandphilosophicalargumentconvincinglyandforceful.E.g.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudy…
Craftyman…simpleman….
Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.
读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。
其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementonlybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.
练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹,全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。
读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:
fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.
读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接,而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。
Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.
有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。
Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.
读书时不可存心诘难读者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。
Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings
书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。
换言之,有只需读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。
书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味。
Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.
maketh:
make的第三人称用法
ready:
即ready-witted,指敏于思考的能力。
doth:
do的第三人称单数用法
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。
因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知
Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmorse.
✓Bacon’sImportancetoLiterature
1.hewasthefirstEnglishwritertopayattentiontotheaudiencetowhomhewaswriting.
2.hewrotethegreatesttractsoneducationintheEnglishlanguage,AdvancementofLearning.
3.heandNewtonrepresenttheadvancementofscienceduringthe17thcentury.Infact,Bacondevisedtheinductivemethodofdoingresearch.
4.heintroducedtheessayasaliteraryformintotheEnglishlanguage.
“knowledgeispower”----Hisfamousaphorism[‘æfə,rɪzəm]格言,警句
◆RomanticPoetry
(1)(1798-1832)
ThepublicationofTheLyricalBalladscollaboratedbyWordsworthandColeridgemarkedthebeginningofRomanticMovementin1798andThedeathofWalterScottmarkeditsendingin1832.
✓HistoricalBackground
Politically
ThemostimportantFrenchRevolution(1789),whichatfirstgave