完整word美国妇女地位.docx

1、完整word美国妇女地位英语毕业论文美国妇女地位提高所带来的思考 A Reflection on the Improvement of American Womens Status Abstract This paper describes the womens status in the USA from three points: 1。womens rights in education； 2.womens rights in politics； and 3。women in economic field. And it discusses why American women can i

2、mprove their status. There are two main reasons： one is the exterior cause （such as capitalist productive force, bourgeois ideology; the efforts of the government and non-government organizations； the guide from some literary work), and another is the interior cause (womens self-awareness； womens em

3、ancipation movement and help from education）. On the contrary, women in other countries are in unfavorable conditions. This paper discusses why they fall behind and how to change this condition。 Key Wordswomens status； causes； labor force；womens movements; measures 摘 要 本篇论文主要从三个方面描述了美国妇女的地位：1。妇女在教育上

4、的权利;2。妇女在政治上的权利；3.妇女在经济领域的成就。本文讨论了美国妇女能够提高她们的社会地位的主要原因。第一是外部原因,例如资本主义生产力的大发展，资本主义思想的传播;政府和非官方组织的努力，以及文学作品的指引.第二是其自身的原因，如自我意识的觉醒,妇女解放运动的影响和教育的作用。相反，其他大多数国家妇女的地位却是很低的。本文旨在讨论为什么她们的地位提高不明显，以及要解决这个问题，应该采取何种措施。关键词妇女地位;原因；生产力；妇女运动；措施Introduction Since 1975, the first Womens Conference was convoked in Mexic

5、o City with the help of UN， the advocates of “Gender Equality” and “improving womens status have appeared。 Now, many years have passed， but the progress is not so remarkable: in Asia， many girls are not allowed to receive education， female babies are killed or abandoned； and in Africa， women are con

6、sidered as a part of belongings. Their value lies in giving birth to children and taking care of the family. On the contrary， great progress has been made in improving womens status in the United States. The writer tries to find out the reasons for the progress， so that people can understand what sh

7、all be done to achieve similar success in other countries. 。 US Womens Status TodayIn history， there was a long time when woman was legally treated as subsidiary of man。 During all her life， man was her owner or manager。 A woman should obey what her man or her father said and serve the mans need。 Th

8、ere was no need to have education， for knowledge was a sign of status。 For this reason, women had no right in politics and no one would hire a person lacking in skills and knowledge。 However， conditions have changed. A. EducationIn the past, women received little schooling because their lives went a

9、round home。 Yet, the situation has changed。 By 1980, women earned a majority of all associate and bachelor degrees, and in 1998， the proportion was 56% （U.S。 National Center for Education Statistics, 2001） College doors have opened to women， and differences between mens and womens majors are becomin

10、g smaller。 In 1970, women just earned 17% of bachelor degrees in the natural sciences， computer science， and engineering; by 1998， that proportion had increased to 31%. For all areas of study in 1998， women eared 57 of masters degrees and 42% of doctorates (including 56 of all Ph.D.s in sociology）。

11、Women have also broken into many fields that used to be occupied by almost all males. For example, in 1970 only a few hundred women received a masters degree of business administration, compared to more than 39，000 in 1998 (US National Center for Education Statistics, 2001）.Nonetheless， the proporti

12、on of women in all these professions is rising steadily。 For example， the American Bar Association reports that law school class of 2004 across the US is about evenly spit between women and men。 （Gest， 2001）B. PoliticsOnce the Supreme Court decided, in Minor V. Happersett （1874）, that womens suffrag

13、e was not a right inherent in the national citizenship。 In fact women were legally barred from voting in national elections until the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1920。Today， thousands of women serve as mayors of cities and towns across the U.S., and tens of thousands hold responsible

14、 administrative posts in the federal government。 In 2001， 22% of legislators were women。The year 2006 can be viewed as American womens politic year。 Women from the Democratic Party were so bright in the past American midterm elections. They helped the Democratic Party to get dominations of Congress。

15、 Pelosi was going to be the Speaker of Houses of Representatives and this was the first female Speaker in the U。S.A; Hillary， wife of the former President Clinton， won 70 votes and she will continue to be the senator of New York City. Let us take Rice as an addition， the Secretary of the State from

16、the Republican； those three women are brisk in the peak of the American politics。 And the number of female candidates of Houses of Representatives congress is 2468. There are 10 states that women are voted as candidates of governors in the country. According to the vote proportion, womens is higher

17、than the average of this nation。All the data shows, now, American women pay much attention to the politics, and participate in it positively than ever before。 And they win and get more in this field。C. EconomyBack in 1990 , only 1/4 of U。S。women were in the labor force. In 2000， 60% of women aged si

18、xteen and over worked for income， and 3/4 of women worked full time。 The traditional view that earning an income is a mans role no longer holds true.Moreover， we can see a fine trend toward greater gender equality. In 1977 ， 65 % of all adults endorsed the statement “It is much better for every one

19、involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family。 ”By 2001， however， support for this statement had dropped shapely to 39 . (NORC, 2001：266） According to a recent report， more and more women operate their own companies。 In the U。S。 1/3 medium and s

20、mall-sized enterprises are run by females。 There is an investigation showing that companies owned by females increase at 45. From 1990 to the year 2000， the proportion of females companies was 40% of the whole companies in the U.S.Those data shows us clearly about American womens great achievements

21、in this field。 Why Can They Make Great Progress？The change is remarkable。 A century and a half ago, women occupied a position of striking subordination. Husbands controlled property of wives， and laws barred women from most jobs. The movement toward equality has surged ahead。 Twothirds of people ent

22、ering the work force during the 1990s were women. And the economy of the new century depends on the earning of women。 Why can they make great progress？ This is the next question to be discussed.A. Exterior Causes1. Development of Capitalist Productive ForceBy the mideighteenth century， a second tech

23、nological revolution was underway， first in England and then in North America. The development of industry brought greater changes than agriculture did. At the very beginning of the foundation of capitalist production relations, women in lower ranks were greatly needed as labor force. And women goin

24、g out from their houses for their families were poor so they must work to support the family. At that moment, specialization， the product of Industrialization, was gradually popular in more and more factories， and such specialization raised production but lowered the skill level of the average worke

25、r。 This condition helped women a lot to get jobs easily than before， since they had no professional knowledge.After the World War， there came new technological revolution， economic area, productive department and needs for goods and service。 They brought ways to jobs and enlarged the need of labor f

26、orce. This new condition shifted the nature of work from physically demanding tasks that favored male strength to jobs that required intelligence and imagination. In this aspect, women and men were on even footing。 There were more young women participating in the production of computers and other el

27、ectronic productions。 In 1947-1960， the proportion of American workingwomen was increasing from 29%37。7%. Women became the white-collar workers; they worked as managers, directors of companies。 And up to 1985, there were 5，010,000 career women in America, and it was 44%of the total labor force。 Then

28、， the times of knowledge economy came into being. Knowledge became the most important factor in work and people paid much more attention to the employees knowledge and capability than gender。 This was important to female， especially those who had high education and had enough skills as males. It was

29、 another peak for women having careers2. Efforts of Government and Non-government OrganizationsThe American federation， every state government, and nongovernment organizations contributed themselves to improving womens status。 In 1992, a law to protect women in work was passed by the U.S. Congress。

30、Since 1994, the Federation diverted US$ 10 billion per year basing on this law to help women working in IT and manufacturing industry, which was traditionally dominated by men and with high salaries and good future. This measure made more women get better positions with high income （20%30% higher th

31、an women got in traditional careers）。 On Oct。7， 1998， Congress passed Amendment to The Federal Higher Education Act and the Higher Education. This act allowed people who live by social welfare to receive professional training and financial aids for higher education. In Tennessee, the local Womens Ec

32、onomic Committee formulated a plan to make sure that womens salary would not be less than the Minimum salary. In 2001, the womens organization in Alabama published Alabama Womens Blueprint for Action to state the political position of females there， and it also pointed out that the development of economy was closely related with women. The American womens organizations frequently exchanged different ideas about how to develop womens status。 They offered useful information to who needed it or who was in trouble through int