完整word美国妇女地位.docx

完整word美国妇女地位.docx

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完整word美国妇女地位

英语毕业论文—美国妇女地位提高所带来的思考

AReflectionontheImprovementofAmericanWomen'sStatus

Abstract

Thispaperdescribesthewomen’sstatusintheUSAfromthreepoints:

1。

women’srightsineducation；2.women’srightsinpolitics；and3。

womenineconomicfield.AnditdiscusseswhyAmericanwomencanimprovetheirstatus.Therearetwomainreasons：

oneistheexteriorcause（suchascapitalistproductiveforce,bourgeoisideology;theeffortsofthegovernmentandnon-governmentorganizations；theguidefromsomeliterarywork）,andanotheristheinteriorcause（women’sself-awareness；women'semancipationmovementandhelpfromeducation）.Onthecontrary,womeninothercountriesareinunfavorableconditions.Thispaperdiscusseswhytheyfallbehindandhowtochangethiscondition。

KeyWords

women’sstatus；causes；laborforce；women’smovements;measures

摘要

本篇论文主要从三个方面描述了美国妇女的地位：

1。

妇女在教育上的权利;2。

妇女在政治上的权利；3.妇女在经济领域的成就。

本文讨论了美国妇女能够提高她们的社会地位的主要原因。

第一是外部原因,例如资本主义生产力的大发展，资本主义思想的传播;政府和非官方组织的努力，以及文学作品的指引.第二是其自身的原因，如自我意识的觉醒,妇女解放运动的影响和教育的作用。

相反，其他大多数国家妇女的地位却是很低的。

本文旨在讨论为什么她们的地位提高不明显，以及要解决这个问题，应该采取何种措施。

关键词

妇女地位;原因；生产力；妇女运动；措施

Introduction

Since1975,thefirstWomen’sConferencewasconvokedinMexicoCitywiththehelpofUN，theadvocatesof“GenderEquality”and“improvingwomen’sstatus"haveappeared。

Now,manyyearshavepassed，buttheprogressisnotsoremarkable:

inAsia，manygirlsarenotallowedtoreceiveeducation，femalebabiesarekilledorabandoned；andinAfrica，womenareconsideredasapartofbelongings.Theirvalueliesingivingbirthtochildrenandtakingcareofthefamily.Onthecontrary，greatprogresshasbeenmadeinimprovingwomen'sstatusintheUnitedStates.Thewritertriestofindoutthereasonsfortheprogress，sothatpeoplecanunderstandwhatshallbedonetoachievesimilarsuccessinothercountries.

Ⅰ。

USWomen’sStatusToday

Inhistory，therewasalongtimewhenwomanwaslegallytreatedassubsidiaryofman。

Duringallherlife，manwasherownerormanager。

Awomanshouldobeywhathermanorherfathersaidandservetheman’sneed。

Therewasnoneedtohaveeducation，forknowledgewasasignofstatus。

Forthisreason,womenhadnorightinpoliticsandnoonewouldhireapersonlackinginskillsandknowledge。

However，conditionshavechanged.

A.Education

Inthepast,womenreceivedlittleschoolingbecausetheirliveswentaroundhome。

Yet,thesituationhaschanged。

By1980,womenearnedamajorityofallassociateandbachelordegrees,andin1998，theproportionwas56%（U.S。

NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,2001）

Collegedoorshaveopenedtowomen，anddifferencesbetweenmen’sandwomen'smajorsarebecomingsmaller。

In1970,womenjustearned17%ofbachelordegreesinthenaturalsciences，computerscience，andengineering;by1998，thatproportionhadincreasedto31%.Forallareasofstudyin1998，womeneared57％ofmaster’sdegreesand42%ofdoctorates（including56％ofallPh.D.sinsociology）。

Womenhavealsobrokenintomanyfieldsthatusedtobeoccupiedbyalmostallmales.Forexample,in1970onlyafewhundredwomenreceivedamaster'sdegreeofbusinessadministration,comparedtomorethan39，000in1998（USNationalCenterforEducationStatistics,2001）.

Nonetheless，theproportionofwomeninalltheseprofessionsisrisingsteadily。

Forexample，theAmericanBarAssociationreportsthatlawschoolclassof2004acrosstheUSisaboutevenlyspitbetweenwomenandmen。

（Gest，2001）

B.Politics

OncetheSupremeCourtdecided,inMinorV.Happersett（1874）,thatwomen’ssuffragewasnotarightinherentinthenationalcitizenship。

InfactwomenwerelegallybarredfromvotinginnationalelectionsuntiltheNineteenthAmendmenttotheConstitutionin1920。

Today，thousandsofwomenserveasmayorsofcitiesandtownsacrosstheU.S.,andtensofthousandsholdresponsibleadministrativepostsinthefederalgovernment。

In2001，22%oflegislatorswerewomen。

Theyear2006canbeviewedasAmericanwomen’spoliticyear。

WomenfromtheDemocraticPartyweresobrightinthepastAmericanmid—termelections.TheyhelpedtheDemocraticPartytogetdominationsofCongress。

PelosiwasgoingtobetheSpeakerofHousesofRepresentativesandthiswasthefirstfemaleSpeakerintheU。

S.A;Hillary，wifeoftheformerPresidentClinton，won70％votesandshewillcontinuetobethesenatorofNewYorkCity.LetustakeRiceasanaddition，theSecretaryoftheStatefromtheRepublican；thosethreewomenarebriskinthepeakoftheAmericanpolitics。

AndthenumberoffemalecandidatesofHousesofRepresentativescongressis2468.Thereare10statesthatwomenarevotedascandidatesofgovernorsinthecountry.Accordingtothevoteproportion,women'sishigherthantheaverageofthisnation。

Allthedatashows,now,Americanwomenpaymuchattentiontothepolitics,andparticipateinitpositivelythaneverbefore。

Andtheywinandgetmoreinthisfield。

C.Economy

Backin1990,only1/4ofU。

S。

womenwereinthelaborforce.In2000，60%ofwomenagedsixteenandoverworkedforincome，and3/4ofwomenworkedfulltime。

Thetraditionalviewthatearninganincomeisaman’srolenolongerholdstrue.

Moreover，wecanseeafinetrendtowardgreatergenderequality.In1977，65%ofalladultsendorsedthestatement“Itismuchbetterforeveryoneinvolvedifthemanistheachieveroutsidethehomeandthewomantakescareofthehomeandfamily。

”By2001，however，supportforthisstatementhaddroppedshapelyto39％.（NORC,2001：

266）

Accordingtoarecentreport，moreandmorewomenoperatetheirowncompanies。

IntheU。

S。

1/3mediumandsmall-sizedenterprisesarerunbyfemales。

Thereisaninvestigationshowingthatcompaniesownedbyfemalesincreaseat45％.From1990totheyear2000，theproportionoffemales'companieswas40%ofthewholecompaniesintheU.S.

ThosedatashowsusclearlyaboutAmericanwomen’sgreatachievementsinthisfield。

Ⅱ。

WhyCanTheyMakeGreatProgress？

Thechangeisremarkable。

Acenturyandahalfago,womenoccupiedapositionofstrikingsubordination.Husbandscontrolledpropertyofwives，andlawsbarredwomenfrommostjobs.Themovementtowardequalityhassurgedahead。

Two—thirdsofpeopleenteringtheworkforceduringthe1990swerewomen.Andtheeconomyofthenewcenturydependsontheearningofwomen。

Whycantheymakegreatprogress？

Thisisthenextquestiontobediscussed.

A.ExteriorCauses

1.DevelopmentofCapitalistProductiveForce

Bythemid—eighteenthcentury，asecondtechnologicalrevolutionwasunderway，firstinEnglandandtheninNorthAmerica.Thedevelopmentofindustrybroughtgreaterchangesthanagriculturedid.Attheverybeginningofthefoundationofcapitalistproductionrelations,womeninlowerranksweregreatlyneededaslaborforce.Andwomengoingoutfromtheirhousesfortheirfamilieswerepoorsotheymustworktosupportthefamily.Atthatmoment,specialization，theproductofIndustrialization,wasgraduallypopularinmoreandmorefactories，andsuchspecializationraisedproductionbutloweredtheskillleveloftheaverageworker。

Thisconditionhelpedwomenalottogetjobseasilythanbefore，sincetheyhadnoprofessionalknowledge.

AftertheWorldWarⅡ，therecamenewtechnologicalrevolution，economicarea,productivedepartmentandneedsforgoodsandservice。

Theybroughtwaystojobsandenlargedtheneedoflaborforce.Thisnewconditionshiftedthenatureofworkfromphysicallydemandingtasksthatfavoredmalestrengthtojobsthatrequiredintelligenceandimagination.Inthisaspect,womenandmenwereonevenfooting。

Thereweremoreyoungwomenparticipatingintheproductionofcomputersandotherelectronicproductions。

In1947-1960，theproportionofAmericanworkingwomenwasincreasingfrom29%—37。

7%.Womenbecamethewhite-collarworkers;theyworkedasmanagers,directorsofcompanies。

Andupto1985,therewere5，010,000careerwomeninAmerica,anditwas44%ofthetotallaborforce。

Then，thetimesofknowledgeeconomycameintobeing.Knowledgebecamethemostimportantfactorinworkandpeoplepaidmuchmoreattentiontotheemployees’knowledgeandcapabilitythangender。

Thiswasimportanttofemale，especiallythosewhohadhigheducationandhadenoughskillsasmales.Itwasanotherpeakforwomenhavingcareers

2.EffortsofGovernmentandNon-governmentOrganizations

TheAmericanfederation，everystategovernment,andnon—governmentorganizationscontributedthemselvestoimprovingwomen’sstatus。

In1992,alawtoprotectwomeninworkwaspassedbytheU.S.Congress。

Since1994,theFederationdivertedUS$10billionperyearbasingonthislawtohelpwomenworkinginITandmanufacturingindustry,whichwastraditionallydominatedbymenandwithhighsalariesandgoodfuture.Thismeasuremademorewomengetbetterpositionswithhighincome（20%—30%higherthanwomengotintraditionalcareers）。

OnOct。

7，1998，CongresspassedAmendmenttoTheFederalHigherEducationActandtheHigherEducation.Thisactallowedpeoplewholivebysocialwelfaretoreceiveprofessionaltrainingandfinancialaidsforhighereducation.InTennessee,thelocalWomen’sEconomicCommitteeformulatedaplantomakesurethatwomen’ssalarywouldnotbelessthantheMinimumsalary.In2001,thewomen’sorganizationinAlabamapublishedAlabamaWomen’sBlueprintforActiontostatethepoliticalpositionoffemalesthere，anditalsopointedoutthatthedevelopmentofeconomywascloselyrelatedwithwomen.TheAmericanwomen’sorganizationsfrequentlyexchangeddifferentideasabouthowtodevelopwomen’sstatus。

Theyofferedusefulinformationtowhoneededitorwhowasintroublethroughint