英美文学重点总结老师的讲义.docx

1、英美文学重点总结老师的讲义Name/CN NameWriters FeaturesWritings / CN WritingsWritings FeaturesEnglish LiteratureThe Renaissance Period 1. age: 1500-16602. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; Englands Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away f

2、rom the Catholic Church3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet;(2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain(3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing mans dignity and his worldly happines

3、sEdmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯賓賽1. The poets poet;2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a dedicated idealismThe Faerie Queen仙后(The Shepheades Calender牧人日记;Epithalamion新婚喜歌)An allegory; a historical poem to present the example of a perfect gent

4、leman; a hero represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres and faithful lovesChristopher Marlowe克里斯扥夫.馬洛（Blank verse University wit）1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal medium of English drama2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for English dramaDr Fauctus浮士德博

5、士The Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致情人1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the DevilWilliam Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亞The greatest playwright and the most pop

6、ular sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity“The Kings government must be carried on” (在一个强大英明的

7、君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的)(Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othellos inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from trea

8、chery and infidelity; and Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.)literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and realitySonnets十四行詩The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人Hamlet哈姆雷特(Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯; The Rape of Luc

9、rece鲁克丽斯受辱记;romantic tragicomedies浪漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet;Shakespeares greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth)1. 154 poems; English form2. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great bea

10、uty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Je

11、ws (Shylock). 3. A man of contemplation rather than action; has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and deathFrancis Bacon弗蘭西斯.培根a well known philosopher scientist and essayist; lays the foundation of modern science; his Essays is an important land

12、mark in the development of English prosebrevitycompactnesspowerfulnessOf Studies论学习It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human charaterJohn Donne約翰.鄧恩the leading figure(代表人物) of the metaphysi

13、cal school(玄学派); his poems can be divided into two groups: the secular and the religious; sermons; The songs and Sonnetsa seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes and a free range of feelings and moods; dynamic rather than staticThe Sun Rising太阳升起Death, Be Not Proud死神，莫骄横（Holy Sonn

14、ets）1. dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love2. a bold challenge to the proud DeathJohn Milton約翰.彌爾頓A versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanistParadise Lost失樂園Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples

15、 from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of ManThe Neoclassical Period 1. age: 1660-17982. background: The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one. Fast development of England as a nation; the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason3. features: (1)a furtherance of the R

16、enaissance the Enlightenment Movement, advocated universal education(2)reason, eternal truth, eternal justice, eternal equality was what human society should seek for; advocated universal education(3)reviving the interest in old classical works (neoclassicism)(4)keep to order, logic, restrained emot

17、ion and accuracy(5)had specific rules for almost every genre of literatureJohn Bunyan約翰.班楊As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggleConcrete and living languagecarefully observed and vividly presented detailThe Pilgr

18、ims Progress天路历程(Symbolizes human world, for All the cometh is vanity; everything and anything in this world is vanity, have no value and no meaning; but this town lay in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the temptations there when they made their way through)Is the most

19、successful religious allegory in the English language; its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social evilsAlexander Pope亞歷山大.蒲伯Strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary wor

20、ks should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorumSatiricconcisesmoothgracefulwell-balanced styleOn Criticism論批評a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism; a typical didactic one; written in the form of heroic couplets, its pla

21、in in style and it is easy to read.Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛弗A very good story-teller; his sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narrationSmootheasycolloquialmostly vernacularRobinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记Adventure on a des

22、erted island; depicts a hero grows from an inexperienced youth onto a shrewd and hardened man; a song of courage, wisdom, struggle against the hostile natural environmentJonathan Swift喬納森.斯威特Is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose; “proper words in proper places”Clearsi

23、mpleconcrete dictionuncomplicated sentence structureeconomy and conciseness of languageGullivers Travels格列佛遊記Four places: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, the flying island; HouyhnhnmHenry Fielding亨利.菲爾丁First of all the 18th century English novelist to write the comic epic in prose; the first to give the mode

24、rn novel its structure and style; use the third-person narration; “Father of the English Novel ”; “the just copies of human manners”Easyunlabouredfamiliarextremely vivid and vigorous logic and rhythmTom Jones湯姆.琼斯Samuel Johnson賽繆爾.約翰遜Very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes;

25、no matter how complex his sentences are, the thought is always clearly expressed To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield致可敬的吉士菲尔伯爵书A strong indignation at the Earls fame-fishing; implying writers independence in economy and writing; open a new era in the development of literatureRichard Brin

26、sley Sheridan理查德.比.謝立丹The only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century; in his plays, morality is the constant themeThe School of Scandal造谣学校A story about two brothersThomas Gray扥馬斯.格雷The leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”Elegy Written in a C

27、ountry Churchyard墓园挽歌Reflects on death, the sorrow of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholyThe Romantic Period 1. age: 1798-18702. background: coming along with the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution3. features:(1)contrary with the neoclassicism:

28、emphasize that man have in common, focuses on the special qualities of individual mind(2)tend to probe into the inner world of the human spirit rather narrate daily happenings of the human world(3)employ rural scenery, legendary and mythological, stories of ancient times, figures from country and Or

29、ientals(4)produce a number of great poets, the Romantic period is an age of poetry(5)the focus of the everyday life of human beings in the Age brought about the flourishing of familiar essaysWilliam Blake威廉.布萊克The first important Romantic poet; the spokesman of vevolt; took “This World” as “a World

30、of Imagination and Vision”, declaring that “The Nature of my work is visionary and imaginative”Plaindirectlyric beautysymbolismThe Chimney Sweeper/Songs of Innocence扫烟囱的孩子/天真之歌The Chimney Sweeper/Songs of Experience扫烟囱的孩子/經驗之歌The Tiger老虎1. indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor,

31、 which make religion a consolation;2. reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor childrenWilliam Wordsworth威廉.華茲華斯A “worshipper of nature”; a poet in memory of the past, to him, life is a cyclical journey, its beginning finally turns out to be its end; Advocate the writ

32、ing of the common people in ordinary language; the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes; natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes, the poor in rural places; reveal the inner workings of individuals mind; the seeming simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is