机械工程英语翻译推荐文档.docx

1、机械工程英语翻译推荐文档 Part2 Unit 12 Nanomaterial and Micro-machine纳米材料和微型机器 Nanomaterial 纳米材料 Nanomaterials and nanotechnolology have become a magic word in modern society. 纳米材料和纳米技术已成为现代社会一个具有魔幻色彩的词汇。Nanomaterials represent todays frontier in the development of novel advanced materials and present great pro

2、mises and opportunities for a new generation of materials with improved and tailorable properties for applications in sensors, optoelectronics, energy storage, separation and catalysis. 纳米材料代表了当今新型先进材料发展的前沿，为具有各种改良的、能按照人们各种要求进行“定制”的性能的新一代材料，在传感器、光电子学、储能、分离和催化剂技术等方面提供了广阔的应用前景。So nanomaterials are con

3、sidered as a great potential in the 21th century because of their special properties in many fields such as optics, electronics, magnetic, mechanics, and chemistry. 因此纳米材料被视为21世纪具有巨大的潜力的一种材料，因为在很多领域如光学、电子学、磁学、力学和化学他们的特殊性质。These uinque properties are attractive for various high performance applicatio

4、ns.这些特殊的性质对于各种不同高性能的应用程序 来说具有很大的吸引力。Exampeples include wear-resistant surfaces, low temperature sinterable high-strength ceramics, and magnetic nanocomposites.例如耐磨的表层以及在低温环境下 具有高张力的陶瓷和磁力纳米复合材料。Nanostructured materials present great promises and opportunities for a new generation of materials of mate

5、rials with improved and marvelous properties.纳米结构的材料为新一代具有改良的非凡的性能的材料提供了广阔的前景。 It is appropriate to begin with a brief introduction to the history of the subject.在这里简单介绍一下纳米材料的历史。Scientific work on this subject can be traced back over 100 years. 在这方面的科学研究可以追溯得到100多年以前。In 1861 the British chemist Tho

6、mas Graham coined the term “colloid” to describe a solution contion containing 1 to 100 nm diameter particles in suspension. 在1961年，英国化学家格雷姆首次用胶体这个术语来描述一种含有直径为1100nm的微小悬浮颗粒的溶液。Around the turn of century, such famous scientists as Rayleigh, Maxwell, and Einstein studied colloids.大约在20世纪末20世纪初的时候，一些有名

7、的科学家如雷利,麦克斯韦和爱因斯坦开始研究胶体。 In 1930 the Langmuir-Blodgett method for developing monolayer films was developed.1930年，单分子薄膜的狼缪尔布罗杰特方法形成。 By 1960 Uyeda had used electron microscopy and diffraction to study individual particles. 到1960年Uyeda 已经用电子显微镜检查法以及衍射来研究单个粒子。At about the same time, arc, plasma, and ch

8、emical flame furnaces were employed to produce submicron particles.几乎是同一时间 电弧，单离子体和化学反射炉已经用于生产亚微米粒子了。Magnetic alloy particles for use in magnetic tapes were produced in 1970.1970年磁力合金粒子已经运用于磁带中了。By1980, studies were made on clusters containing fewer than 100 atoms. 到1980年，已有很多人开始对含有不到100个原子的原子团进行了研究

9、。In1985,a team led by Smalley and Kroto found spectroscopic evidence that C60 clusters were unusually stable.在1985年，一个由斯莫利和克罗托领导的科研小组通过光谱分析证实了C60原子团具有不同寻常的稳定性。 In1991, Lijima reported studies of graphitic carbon tube filaments.1991年，Lijima 也报道了有关石墨碳管状丝材的研究情况。Research on nanomaterials has been stimul

10、ated by their technological applications. 关于纳米材料的研究是在他们的技术的应用引起的。The first technological uses of these materials were as catalysts and pigments.这些纳米材料的第一次技术使用是催化剂和天然色素运用。 The large surface area to volume ratio increases the chemical activity.大面积的体积比增加到化学活动上。Because of this increased activity, there

11、are significant cost advantages in fabricating catalysts from nanomaterials.正因为这些增加的研究，从纳米材料上制造催化剂才有了巨大的成本优势。 The properties of some single-phase materials can be improved by preparing them as nanostructurs. 一些单相的材料的性能还可以通过纳米结构来优化。For example, the sintering temperature can be decreased and the plast

12、icity increased on single-phase, structural ceramics by reducing the grain size to several nanometers. 例如，降低燃烧温度，把颗粒大小缩小几个纳米，可以单相的提升建筑陶瓷的可塑性。Multiphase nanostructured materials have displayed novel behavior resulting from the small size of the individual phases.由单个颗粒的小型体积，多相的纳米结构材料已经展示了非比寻常的性质。In mi

13、croelectronics, the need for faster switching times and ever larger integration has motivated considerable effort to reduce the size of electronic components. 在微电子学中，对快速转换时间和更大规模的集成电路的需要在减小电子元件尺寸的工作起到了很大的作用Increasing the component density increased the difficulty of satisfying cooling requirements a

14、nd reduces the allowable amount of energy released on switching between states.而增加器件密度又会增加必须满足冷却条件以及减少开关状态转换是所允许的最大能量释放的难度。It would be ideal if the switching occurred with the motion of a single electron .在单电子的移动时开关是最理想的状态。One kind of single-electron device is based on the change in the Coulombic en

15、ergy （库伦能）when an electron is added or removed from a particle .当从一个粒子中增加或较少一个电子的时候，一种单电子装置是以库伦能的变化为基础的。For a nanoparticle this energy change can be large enough that adding a single electron will effectively block the flow of other electrons.对于纳米粒子来说，这个能量的变化因增加单个电子有效的限制其他电子的流动而充分。 In addition to te

16、chnology, nanomaterials are also interesting systems for basic scientific investigations. 除了技术，纳米材料的基本科学调查也是有趣的系统。For example , small particles display deviations偏差 from bulk 体积solid behavior such as reductions in the melting temperature and changes ( usually reductions ) in the lattice parameter.（网状参数） 例如微粒材料和块状材料会呈现出不同的性能，比如其熔点降低和晶格参数变小。The changes in the lattice param