烟草专业英语考试总结.docx

1、烟草专业英语考试总结Chapter 1单词翻译：Nicotian烟草属 combustion ：燃烧. Solanaceae茄科 combustibility 可燃性度 nicotine 尼古丁，烟碱 pest resistance抗虫害agronomic performance农艺性能 ChineseStyle Cigarette ：中式卷烟Chinese-style cigarette：中式卷烟 Virginian-type cigarette：烤烟型卷烟blended cigarette：混合型卷烟 tar content：焦油含量aromatic芳香的 limit regulation

2、：限焦令. Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco：烤烟 Bright tobacco ：浅色烟 Burley tobacco ：白肋烟Oriental tobacco 东方烟 Aromatic tobacco ：香料烟 Maryland tobacco ：马里兰烟Cigar tobacco ：雪茄烟 disease resistance：抗病性 plants physiology：植物生理thresh：打叶 redrying：复烤 aging：老化，(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵cigarette manufacture：卷烟生产

3、smoke chemistry：烟气化学 cigar雪茄cigarillo小雪茄 smokeless tobacco：无烟烟草 botanical植物的air-curing 晾制 sun-curing晒制 fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially：国家烟草专卖局 2. 长句子翻译Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solana

4、ceae, Nicotiana. Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。

5、烟草作为燃烧物质又不同与其他作物，烟草的植物、物理、化学特性决定了其燃烧程度、烟气组成、香气、吸味和可接受程度。Because the properties of tobacco and, therefore, its usability vary markedly with variety, locality, system of production and curing method, standardization of the commercial product is essential for growers and users (i.e. manufacturers). It

6、is based primarily on curing method (air-, sun-, fire- and flue-curing), locality of production (growth) and the way in which the leaf is to be used (cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.). Further classification is then according to position on the stalk from which the leaves have originated and factors suc

7、h as their color, quality and ripeness at harvest.由于烟草的性质及其可用性均随品种、生产区域、生产方式和调制方法的不同而发生显著的变化，因此，制定烟叶商品标准对烟草种植者和产品制造商来说都是十分必要的。先按烟草的调制方法（晾、晒、熏、烤）、生产区域和使用方式（卷烟、雪茄、斗烟等）进行分类，然后再依据烟叶的生长部位、颜色、质量和成熟度等因素进一步细分。3. 简答根据烟草的调制方法，使用方式把烟草分为几类？（至少写五种，每种一分，共五分）Virginia tobacco弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco烤烟Burley tobacco白

8、肋烟sun-cured tobacco晒烟Oriental tobacco东方烟、香料烟Maryland tobacco马里兰烟Cigar tobacco雪茄烟 Cigarette卷烟light air-cured tobacco浅色晾烟dark air-cured tobacco深色晾烟Chapter2alkaloid生物碱Frost-free days无霜期blue mold 霜霉病photoperiodism光周期现象short-day plants 短日照植物seedlings幼苗bare-root transplants裸根移植plant populations植物种群nitroge

9、n氮肥Topping打顶 stalk茎秆 suckering抹叉ripeness成熟premature未成熟的Chapter 31. 单词翻译light air-cured：浅色晾晒型dark air-cured：深色晾晒型sun-cured：晒(烟)cigar filler：雪茄芯烟binder (雪茄烟)内衣；(雪茄烟)内包皮Turkish土耳其(烟叶)wrapper (雪茄烟)外衣；(雪茄烟)外包皮interspecific cross：杂交gene mutations：基因突变broad terms：广义breeder：育种人员；育种工作者；cultivar品种germplasm so

10、urces：种质资源genotypes：基因型outlining tests概述测试trait：特征attribute属性handling处理 lamina (烟叶)叶片midvein：(烟叶叶片)中脉 filling：填充值 harsh (烟气)粗糙、(烟气)生硬bitter苦pungent辛辣 aroma香气mass selection：混合选择allele：等位基因.pedigree杂交分离世代谱系backcross回交recurrent：轮回选择haploid：单倍体 tissue culture techniques：组织培养技术doubled haploids：双单倍体inheri

11、ted trait：遗传性状homozygote纯合子interspcific bridge cross种间杂交inbreeding近亲繁殖genetically variable：基因变异recombination基因重组black root rot：黑腐病crop failure：粮食欠收sensory properties：感官特性morphological形态特征pyrolysis：裂解heterosis杂种优势长句子翻译In broad terms, a modern breeding project will consist of three phases: planning, l

12、ine development and testing. In the planning phase, a breeder should carefully define the goals to be accomplished. Generally, this will be correcting a deficiency in existing cultivars or increasing the desirability of cultivars for one or more traits. Other aspects of planning include identifying

13、and/or selecting appropriate germplasm sources, choosing the best breeding method, identifying or developing techniques needed to evaluate the breeding materials and to select the best genotypes and outlining tests required to fully characterize the lines obtained from the breeding effort. The line

14、development and testing phases are the parts of the project where the plans are carried out and, hopefully, the objectives accomplished.概括地讲，现代育种项目包括制定计划、品种培育和品系鉴定3个阶段。在计划制定阶段，育种者必须仔细地确定欲完成的育种目标。一般是改进现有栽培品种的缺陷，或提高栽培品种一个或多个性状合乎需要的程度。另外，计划还应包含鉴定或筛选适当种质资源，选择最佳的育种方法，鉴定或开发评价育种材料和选择优良基因型所需要的技术，以及提出完全表征该育种

15、研究筛选品系特性的鉴定要点。品系培育和鉴定阶段是育种项目进行并最后完成所期望的目标的一部分。There have been many advances in tobacco breeding and genetics over the past several years. Breeders have developed cultivars with high yield, good quality and resistance to several diseases. In addition, inheritance information has been obtained for num

16、erous characteristics, and a vast array of germplasm has been collected and characterized. This solid base of genetic information and germplasm enhances the prospects for future advancements. Also, new information and emerging technologies in chemistry and biology, especially in genetic engineering,

17、 have promising applications in tobacco improvement.在过去的几年里，烟草遗传和育种上出现了许多新进展。育种学家培育出了高产、优质和抗多种病害的新品种。另外，还得到了许多性状的遗传信息，搜集和鉴定了大量的种质。遗传信息和种质的坚实基础展现了未来光明的发展前景，在化学和生物方面，尤其基因工程技术方面的新信息、新技术在烟草的改良中具有光明的应用前景。2. 简答烟草改良常用的育种方法有哪些？（至少写出五种，每种一分，共计五分）Backcross Breeding 回交育种Genetic engineering Breeding 基因工程育种Haplo

18、ids Breeding 单倍体育种Mass selection Breeding 混合选择育种Pedigree Breeding 系谱法育种，系统育种Pure-line selection Breeding 纯系选择育种Recurrent selection Breeding 轮回选择育种Introduction Breeding 引种育种Hybridization Breeding 杂交育种Distant hybridization Breeding 远缘杂交育种Induced mutation breeding 诱变育种3. 看图翻译1.下图是一个完整烟草花的解剖图，请选择合适的英文单词

19、填空雄蕊 stamens 雌蕊 pistil花药anther花丝 filaments柱头 stigma花柱style 花冠 corolla 子房 ovary花萼 calyxChapter 4 fungal：adj.真菌的，由真菌引起的 fungus：n.真菌；霉，霉菌 复数：fungi； funguses；bacterial：adj.细菌的；细菌性 bacterium： n.细菌 复数： bacteriayield and quality:产质量blue mold： 烟草霜霉病brown spot：烟草赤星病powdery mildew：烟草白粉病target spot：烟草靶斑病wild f

20、ire ：烟草野火病angular leaf spot ：烟草角斑病black shank：烟草黑胫病black root rot：烟草根黑腐病stalk ：n.植茎vascular： n .植维管的sore shin：烟草立枯病Granville wilt：烟草青枯病collar rot：烟草菌核病（Sclerotinia rot）Fusarium wilt ：烟草枯萎病hollow stalk：烟草空茎病efficient methods ：有效方法disease control：病害控制cured tobacco：烤烟nematode: 线虫parasitic:adj.寄生的；寄生物的；

21、由寄生虫引起的属( Genus)种 (Species)insecticide ：杀虫剂pesticide：农药问题：1.真菌病害：brown spot：烟草赤星病black shank：烟草黑胫病powdery mildew：烟草白粉病black root rot：烟草根黑腐病sore shin：烟草立枯病blue mold： 烟草霜霉病2.细菌病害：hollow stalk：烟草空茎病angular leaf spot ：烟草角斑病3.根茎部病害：black shank：烟草黑胫病black root rot：烟草根黑腐病Fusarium wilt ：烟草枯萎病hollow stalk：烟草

22、空茎病sore shin：烟草立枯病Granville wilt：烟草青枯病4.叶部病害：blue mold： 烟草霜霉病brown spot：烟草赤星病powdery mildew：烟草白粉病target spot：烟草靶斑病wild fire ：烟草野火病？主要病源：funguses.真菌bacteria细菌 virus病毒nematode pests 有害线虫insect pests害虫Chapter 7 Tobacco Leaf Chemistryconstituent :n. 成分，构成部分；委托人, 选民Carbohydrate：碳水化合物，糖类Starch：淀粉Sugar：糖Su

23、gar Ester：糖脂Cellulose：纤维素Pectin：果胶质polymer ：n.多聚物；高分子 聚合物 polysaccharide: n.多醣，聚糖，多聚糖saccharide：糖类amylose ：n.直链淀粉amylopectin ：n.支链淀粉sucrose：蔗糖blend：混合物stinging：刺激的odor：气味，臭味reconstituted tobacco：重组烟草fiber：纤维alkaloid：生物碱nicotine：尼古丁Plastid:质体pigment：色素carotenoid：类胡萝卜素 precursor：前体物volatile：易挥发的；易变的，不

24、稳定的；aroma：芳香，香味；烟草中碳水化合物主要有：Starch：淀粉Sugar：糖Sugar Ester：糖脂Cellulose：纤维素Pectin：果胶质Chapter 81. 单词翻译filling value 填充值burn rate 燃烧率adsorption 吸附作用raw material 原料cut rag 烟丝specific volume比容shred烟丝constant velocity匀速compress压缩，压紧；精简adsorption equilibrium 吸附平衡vacuum drying 真空干燥relative humidity 相对湿度sulfuri

25、c acid 硫酸saturated饱和的；渗透的；深颜色的wrap paper 外包纸permeability渗透性；通透性additives添加剂ventilation通风设备；空气流通puff抽吸口数circumference 圆周；周长the static burning rate静燃速率equilibrium moisture平衡含水率，平衡水分taste吸味filter过滤材料tobacco blending配方body身份degree of damage残伤度cigarette paper卷烟纸长句子翻译There are three main ways to measure e

26、quilibrium moisture content. One method takes measurements by a gas with a fixed relative humidity that flows through a sample. Another method measures equilibrium moisture under the water vapor environment after evacuating air. The third way uses a desiccator and adjusts the humidity with a sulfuri

27、c acid solution or a saturated salt solution and takes measurements under atmospheric pressure.测定平衡含水率有三种主要方法。方法一是采用一种具有稳定相对湿度的气体流过被测样品进行测定。方法二是在抽出空气后的水蒸汽的环境下测定平衡含水率。第三种方法使用了一个干燥器，通过调整含有硫酸溶液或饱和盐溶液的湿度，在大气压下进行测定。Chapter 101. 单词翻译Reconstituted sheet 再造烟叶expansion膨胀homogenized：均匀分布微粒的shred碎片slurring：稠浆法

28、impregnation：渗入adhesives粘合剂slurry：浆体mainstream smoke：主流烟气sidestream smoke测流烟气lamina体积Slurry Sheet Process：稠浆法humectant：保湿剂 diced：切割cut filler：填料pulp纸浆 recon薄片烟Smoking Qualities ：吸食质量sensory quality：感官质量signature flavor：独特风味carbon monoxide：一氧化碳tailor- made：量身定做carcinogen致癌物shredded：切丝rolled stems：压梗f

29、ilter过滤limonene limni:n：柠檬烯长句子翻译Expanded tobacco is an essential part of processing of most cigarette products. It is an efficient means of expanding the volume of tobacco lamina by up to 100%. The main benefits of using expanded tobacco are: reduces cigarette weight while reserving its natural toba

30、cco taste; increases the filling value and burn rate, thus reducing the number of puffs, which in turn reduces the tar and nicotine deliveries per cigarette.膨胀烟丝是大多数卷烟产品加工中的重要组成部分。它是一种有效的手段，能够扩大烟草叶片体积高达100。使用膨胀烟丝的主要好处是：减少卷烟的重量，同时保留其天然的烟草味道，增加填充值和燃烧率，从而降低了抽吸口数，也就是减少了每支卷烟的焦油和尼古丁含量。Reconstituted sheet,

31、 commonly called recon, is now considered an integral part of processing any quality and cost-effective cigarettes product. Recent advances in paper making technology allow for producing tailor- made recon that can play a major role in the development of many blended cigarettes, Virginia, oriental a

32、nd black cigarettes as well as other smoking products.再造薄片，俗称薄片烟，现在被认为是具有优秀质量和具有成本效益香烟产品工序的一个组成部分。再造薄片技术的进步使量身订做的薄片烟，在许多混合型卷烟的发展中起了重要的作用，在弗吉尼亚烟，东方烟和黑色香烟以及其他烟草产品也是如此。Chapter 111. 单词翻译delivery /释放量TSNA（tobacco specific nitrosamine） 烟草特有的亚硝胺benzo(a)pyrene B(a)P 苯并芘；苯并(a)芘dimension 规格、尺寸rod / (烟)支；(烟)条；枝条carton 纸板箱neutralizer 中和剂resin 树脂；松香syrup 糖浆果汁；含药糖浆integral 积分的；完整的，整体的venation 脉络；叶脉tobacco rod 烟条 烟丝被卷烟纸包卷后形成的长圆柱体。ash / 灰分；烟灰wrapper包装材料； /包装/ 包装纸；书皮b