1、考研翻译真题解析1992年考研翻译真题解析71There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.结构分析:全句属于there be +N. 结构,全句还包含了一个morethan 的比较结构,前后结构对称,都是接了一个句子。agreement 后面跟了on the kinds of behavior 做其后置定语,behavior 后面又跟了过去分词referred to by the term作其
2、后置定语;而than there is 后面又省略了一个相同的词汇agreement. 所以全句理解为:There(there be结构的翻译增加泛指主语) is more(比较结构) agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than(比较结构) there is 省略(agreement)on how to interpret or classify them(指代关系).参考译文: 人们对(智力)这个词所指的各种行为的看法一致,而如何对其进行解释或分类,人们的看法则不尽相同。测试点:比较结构;介词和过去分词做后置
3、定语,省略;指代关系举一反三:more A than B短语的译法:1. 如果这个结构前后接的是短语,则通常翻译成为:与其说B,不与说A;或翻译成:有A无B。比如:He is more brave than wise. 与其说他聪明,不与说他勇敢。然后意译为:他有勇无谋。2. 如果前后接的是句子,则常翻译为:有A,而没有B。72Intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in schoo
4、l. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to-it was not designed for such purposes. 12. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.结构分析:全句是
5、用不定式To criticize it for such failure做主语(it指代什么,需要到上文去寻找,因为it是单数,应该到前面去找到一个单数名词,而前面两个句子都是用it做主语,所以再往前找到第一句的主语intelligence test,所以it应该指代前面的智力测试,)such failure属于名词指代的重要考点;(因为failure表示“没有”的意思,因此我们可以往上去找一个带有否定意思的词语,根据层层指代,such purposes, not supposed to, 再到not measure character, social adjustment,我们由此可以推断s
6、uch failure 指代智力测试不能测试人的性格等特点的情况)。 谓语是is roughly comparable to (comparable to这一词组表示类比,可译为“如同一样”)criticizing a thermometer forvelocity。(for是动词criticizing要求的)。参考译文: 批评智力测验没有测试孩子的性格等情况,大概犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。测试点:代词和名词指代;动词(criticize)+(for)介词短语;形容词短语举一反三:在翻译中遇到代词时一定要到前面去找其指代的内容,一般说来it, they, them都要求把其指代的名词说出来。
7、指代的依据一般是就近原则和单复数原则。比如it只能指代前面的单数名词或整个句子。73. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a valid or fair comparison.结构分析:Now since相当于now that, 引导的是个状语从句,一直到matter结束,状语从句结束时应该用逗号,但英语经常把状语从句后的逗号省略,主句是w
8、e must be后面部分,be sure of 后面接的that宾语从句必须要省略介词of。宾语从句里用the scale 做主语,后面接了介词加which引导的定语从句,the scale的谓语是provides.测试学专业词汇:subjects试验对象;scale尺度;参考译文: 既然对智力的测试是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象作比较时,我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。测试点:状语从句;定语从句;宾语从句;专业词汇举一反三:1在be+ 形容词+of+ that从句这个结构中of必须要省略,但接其它从句介词of不能省略,比如:be aware that(意识
9、到);be confident that(有信心);还有关于测试学的专业词汇要多记。2英语中的状语和状语从句放到主句前面,但在结束之后经常省略逗号,因而造成翻译理解的障碍,要特别注意学会断句。但状语从句放到主句后面的时候,不用打逗号。比如:According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because outsider competitors will continue to exist。这句话里用了according to介词短语做状语,但后面没有用逗号,全句应该这么理解:According to tho
10、se who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because outsider competitors will continue to exist。另外还有As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed
11、in the past. 全句需要在future后面打个逗号,句子的层次就很清楚了。74The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.结构分析:全句的主句The first two must be equal for all who are being compared;其中for是个介词,理解为“对.来说”;all 是个代词,意思是所有被比较者,who引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的代词all. 被动结构是a
12、re being compared,应该理解“做比较”。if引导的是个条件状语从句,主语是any comparison,后面的介词短语是个固定短语,in terms of (就.而言,从方面);第二被动结构是is to be made,应该翻译成主动意思。equal属于熟词生义,理解为“一样的,同样的”。参考译文: 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样的。测试点:状语从句;定语从句;被动结构;介词短语in terms of举一反三:熟悉英语的被动句子的翻译,尽量翻译成为主动的意思。75On the whole such a conclusion can
13、 be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.结构分析:On the whole是个介词短语,放在句首,要单独翻译。全句的主
14、语是such a conclusion;被动结构can be drawn做谓语;介词短语with a certain degree of confidence做状语,修饰前面的动词drawn。but表示“但是” 的意思,后面接了两个句子并列:第一是only if(只要)the child can be assumed to(被动结构)have had the same attitude towards the test as the others (others指代其他孩子);其中短语the sameas.理解为(与.一样);with whom 引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的代词the oth
15、ers。代词he指代前面的孩子。第二个并列结构是and only if引导的条件状语从句;被动结构was not punished翻译成主动,by lack of相当于for lack of (因为缺乏);which引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词information。参考译文: 总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须能够假定,这个孩子对测试的态度和与其进行比较的其它孩子是相同的;并且能够假定,他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受惩罚(被扣分测试点:并列结构;被动结构;定语从句;固定短语。)。举一反三:介词短语是个特殊成分,要单独考虑,比如in a manner(以一种
16、方式);to a large degree/extent(在很大程度上)。词义理解时要根据专业定词义,这篇文章是对孩子的智力做测试,因此很多词汇应该围绕测试来思考。1993年考研翻译真题精解71The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression_r_r_r of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given pr
17、ecise and exact explanation.结构分析:分号相当于汉语的句号,因此整个句子分为两个分句,第一个句子的主语是the method of scientific investigation,谓语是is,nothing but 是个短语,意思为“只不过,仅仅”,the expression_r_r_r of the necessary mode of working of the human mind是个固定名词短语,其核心成分是expression_r_r_r,它后面接了很长的介词短语做其后置定语,翻译时由后面往前面翻译,第二个句子的主语是it (指代前面的the meth
18、od),by which引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词mode,定语从句里的主语是all phenomena,从句的谓语用了两个并列的被动语态。参考译文: 科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动必要的表达方式,这一科学方法也仅仅是对一切现象进行推理并给以精确而严谨解释的那种方式。测试点:后置定语和定语从句;固定短语;名词短语;举一反三:“名词+介词+名词+介词”是个翻译必考的短语,这个短语的核心成分是最先出现的名词或并列名词,翻译时要求由后面往前面翻,希望广大考生特别注意。72There is no more difference, but there is just the same kin
19、d of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by mea
20、ns of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.结构
21、分析:逗号相当于句号。这一句子是由not that.but that引导的一个并列分句结构,并列两个句子,翻译成为:不是因为而是因为。在not that引导的从句里面由the scales和the balance两个并列名词做主语,且in the one case 和In the other (后面省略了与前面相同的词case)属于词组并列;谓语是differ in(在方面有不同);后面的or是个并列连词,连接principles和manner这两个名词短语。第二个从句有省略,应该理解为but it is that,从句的主语是the latter(翻译成“后者”,指代前面的名词the bal
22、ance),than是个比较连词,and并列的前面是个名词much finer apparatus,后面并列的不是个介词,而是个形容词词组much more accurate in its measurement。参考译文: 这并不是因为一方面(指面包师或卖肉者)所用的磅秤和另一方面(指化学家)所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别,而是因为与前者相比,后者是一种更精密的仪器,因而在计量上必然更精确得多。测试点:并列结构;省略结构;指代关系;举一反三:并列结构包括词、短语和句子的并列,在理解时一般要参照对比并列连接词后的词语,综合考虑是词或词组的并列,还是句子的并列。英语中经常出现固定短语的
23、并列,比如bothand; betweenand; such.as.; the same.as等,这在我基础班和公开课里讲到过。73You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these,by s
24、ome special skill of their own,they build up their theories.结构分析:本句的主谓是you have all heard,it做形式宾语,一般不翻译,repeated做it的宾语补足语,可以理解为“多次”,后面三个that引导的宾语做真正的宾语。在第一个宾语从句里面,men of science做主语,谓语是work,介词by means of做方式状语;第二个宾语从句里的by the help of these operations做方式状语,主语是they,介词短语in a sort of sense是个固定成分,单独翻译;第三个宾
25、语从句是由and that 引导的,两个介词短语out of these 和by some special skill of their own做方式状语,these因为其是个复数名词,所以指代前面的natural laws(自然规律)。参考译文: 你们都曾多次听说过,科学家是通过归纳法和演绎法来工作的;在某种意义上说,他们用这些方法设法从自然界中找出某些自然规律;然后他们根据这些规律,用自己的一些特殊的本领,来建立起他们的理论。测试点:从句并列;形式宾语it; 代词指代举一反三:it经常在翻译里面做形式主语和宾语,在表达时一般不翻译出来。介词短语要多记,因为它经常是单独翻译的。74And i
26、t is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.结构分析:形式主语It 和被动语态使用时,一般要求把被动翻译成为主动,有时没主语时,还要补上其主语。By no means是个固定短语,意思是“绝对不,根本不能”,these processes指代前面的科学家的思维活动,and that 引导的是第
27、二个主语从句,从句的主语they指代前面出现的名词these processes。To be acquired是个被动语态,应该翻译成主动形式。参考译文: 许多人以为普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,同时还认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。测试点:被动语态;that引导的并列主语从句;固定词组;代词指代举一反三:被动变主动翻译方法;形式主语it一般不翻译。75Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a comple
28、x train of reasoning,of the very same kind,though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.结构分析:本句主语there be的句型。one是个代词,意思是“人或人们”,who引导的是个定语从句,in the course of the day(在一天当中)是个固定介词短语,set sth. in motion(表示使.开始/行动)是个动词短语,但由于set的宾语a comp
29、lex train of reasoning太长,所以把它的宾语放到后面去了,介词短语of the very same kind修饰前面的动名词reasoning,固定短语the same.as(与.一样)中间插入了一个though differing in degree让步状语成分,that是个代词,指代句子里面的reasoning(推理活动),引导词which修饰前面的that,引导的是个定语从句。参考译文: 大概不会有人一整天都没有机会来进行一连串复杂的思考或推理活动,这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动,尽管复杂程度不同,但在性质上是完全一样的。测试点:宾语后置;定
30、语从句;插入结构;固定短语;that的用法举一反三:宾语后置是近几年的考试热点,它一般是某些动词短语的宾语太长,为了避免头重脚轻,所以放到后面去了。还有课堂上提到的that的5大考点,一定要记住,每次都会考到,另外固定短语the sameas,定语从句等也经常考到。希望广大考生把这道题作为重点复习的内容。According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 71. Science moves f
31、orward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.结构分析:本句的主谓非常清楚,是science moves forward,但句中用了they say 这个插入成分,判断英语的插入结构一般看其前后是否有逗号,在翻译时一般要把它提到句首来翻译,they这个代词在该句中找不到指代的内容,因此只有往前面的句子中去寻找一个复数名词,且必须是人的意思,因此只有第一句里面
32、提到a new school of scientists(新学派科学家)。 然后该句用了not so much(与其说).as(还不如说)这个短语,注意英语中的并列词组其后接的单词要么是同义词,要么是反义词,因此这个结构后面接的两个介词through和because of 可以看作是同义词,因此多义词through应该也翻译成“因为”。名词短语The insights of great men of genius的中心词是insights,因为名词短语的核心成分一般是最先出现的名词,翻译时应该由后往前翻译为:天才伟人的真知灼见。介词短语like(像)improved techniques and tools修饰前面的名词more ordinary things,翻译时也是由后往前翻译。参考译文:他们(新学派科学家)说,科学的发展与其说是因为/源于天才伟人的真知灼见,还不如说是因为/源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。测试点:插入结构;后置定语;固定短语;代词指代举一反三:插入结构一般要提到句子最前面来翻译;后置定语采取由后往前的
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