机械毕业设计英文外文翻译应力为基础的有限元方法应用于灵活的曲柄滑块机构.docx

1、机械毕业设计英文外文翻译应力为基础的有限元方法应用于灵活的曲柄滑块机构 英文原稿Application of Stress-based Finite Element Method to a Flexible Slider Crank Mechanism（Y.L.Kuo University of Toronto W.L.Cleghorn University of Canada）AbstractThis paper presents a new procedure to apply the stress-based finite element method on Euler-Bernoull

2、i beams.An approximated bending stress distribution is selected,and then the approximated transverse displacement is determined by integration.The proposed approach is applied to solve a flexible slider crank mechanism.The formulation is based on the Euler-Lagrange equation,for which the Lagrangian

3、includes the components related to the kinetic energy,the strain energy,and the work done by axial loads in a link that undergoes elastic transverse deflection.A beam element is modeled based on a translating and rotating motion.The results demonstrate the error comparison obtained from the stress-a

4、nd displacement-based finite element methods.Keywords:stress-based finite element method;slidercrank mechanism;Euler-Lagrange equation.1.IntroductionThe displacement-based finite element method employs complementary energy by imposing assumed displacements.This method may yield the discontinuities o

5、f stress fields on the inter-element boundary while employing low-order elements,and the boundary conditions associated with stress could not be satisfied.Hence,an alternative approach was developed and called the stress-based finite element method,which utilizes assumed stress functions.Veubeke and

6、 Zienkiewicz1,2were the first researchers introducing the stress-based finite element method.After that,the method was applied to a wide range of problems and its applications3-5In addition,there are various books providing details about the method6,7.The operation of high-speed mechanisms introduce

7、s vibration,acoustic radiation,wearing of joints,and inaccurate positioning due to deflections of elastic links.Thus,it is necessary to perform an analysis of flexible elasto-dynamics of this class of problems rather than the analysis of rigid body dynamics.Flexible mechanisms are continuous dynamic

8、 systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom,and their governing equations of motion are modeled bynonlinear partial differential equations,but their analytical solutions are impossible to obtain.Cleghorn et al.8-10included the effect of axial loads on transverse vibrations of a flexible f

9、our-bar mechanism.Also,they constructed a translating and rotating beam element with a quintic polynomial,which can effectively predict the transverse vibration and the bending stress.This paper presents a new approach for the implementation of the stress-based finite element method on the Euler-Ber

10、noulli beams.The developed approach first selects an assumed stress function.Then,the approximated transverse displacement function is obtained by integrating the assumed stress function.Thus,this approach can satisfy the stress boundary conditions without imposing a constraint.We apply this approac

11、h to solve a flexible slider crank mechanism.In order to show the accuracy enhancement by this approach,the mechanism is also solved by the displace-based finite element method.The results demonstrate the error comparison.II.Stress-based Method for Euler-Bernoulli BeamsThe bending stress of Euler-Be

12、rnoulli beams is associated with the second derivative of the transverse displacement,namely curvature,which can be approximated as the product of shape functions and nodal variables:Where is a row vector of shape functions for the ith element; is a column vector of nodal curvatures,y is the lateral

13、 position with respect to the neutral line of the beam,E is the Youngs modulus,and is the transverse displacement,which is a function of axial position x.Integrating Eq.(1)leads to the expressions of the rotation and the transverse displacement as Rotation： Transverse displacement: Where and are two

14、 integration constants for the ith element,which can be determined by satisfying the compatibility.Substituting Eqs.(2)and(3)into(1),the finite element displacement,rotation and curvature can beexpressed as: where the subscripts(C),(R)and(D)refer to curvature,rotation and displacement,respectively.B

15、y applying the variational principle,the element and global equations can be obtained11-13.Table 1:Comparison of the displacement-and the stress-based finite element methods for anEuler-Bernoulli beam elementIII.Comparisons of the Displacement-and Stress-based Finite Element MethodsThe major disadva

16、ntage of the displacement-based finite element method is that the stress fields at the inter-element nodes are discontinuous while employing low-degree shape functions.This discontinuity yields one of the major concerns behind the discretization errors.In addition,it might use excessive nodal variab

17、les while formulating stiffness matrices.The stress-based method has several advantages over the displacement-based finite method.First of all,the stress-based method produces fewer nodal variables (Table 1).Secondly,when employing the stress-basedfinite method,the boundary conditions of bending str

18、ess can be satisfied,and the stress is continuous at theinter-element nodes.Finally,the stress is calculated directly from the solution of the global system equations.However,the only disadvantage of the stress-based finite method is that the integration constants are different for each element.IV.G

19、eneration of Governing EquationThe slider crank mechanism shown in Fig.1 is operated with a prescribed rigid body motion of the crank,and the governing equations are derived using a finite element formulation.The derivation procedure of the finite element equations involves:(1)deriving the kinematic

20、s of a rigid body slider crank mechanism;(2) constructing a translating and rotating beam element based on the rigid body motion of the mechanism;(3)defining a set of global variables to describe the motion of a flexible slider crank mechanism;(4)assembling all beam elements.Finally,the global finit

21、e element equations can be obtained,and the time response of a flexible slider crank mechanism can be obtained by time integration.A.Element equation of a translating and rotating beamConsider a flexible beam element subjected to prescribed rigid body translations and rotations.Superimposed on the r

22、igid body trajectory,a finite number of deflection variables in the longitudinal and transverse directions is allowed.The Euler-Lagrange equation is used to derive the governing differential equations for an arbitrarily translating and rotating flexible member.Since elastic deflections are considere

23、d small,and there is a finite number of degrees of freedom,the governing equations are linear and are conveniently written in matrix form.The derivation of the element equations has been precisely presented in 8-10,and this section provides a brief summary.In view of high axial stiffness of a beam,i

24、t is reasonable to consider the beam as being rigid in its longitudinal direction.Hence,the longitudinal deflection is given as where u1 is a nodal variable,which is constant with respect to the x direction shown in Fig.2.The transverse deflection can be represented asThe velocity of an arbitrary po

25、int on the beam element with a translating and rotating motion is given aswhere is the absolute velocity of point O of the beam element shown in Fig.2;?is the angular velocity of the beam element; are the longitudinal and transverse displacements of an arbitrary point on the beam element,respectivel

26、y;x is a longitudinal position on the beam element shown in Fig.2.If we letbe the mass per unit volume of element material;A,the element cross-sectional area,and L the element length,then the kinetic energy of an element is expressed asThe flexural strain energy of uniform axially rigid element with

27、 the Youngs modulus,E,and second moment of area,I,is given asThe work done by a tensile longitudinal load,(i)P,in an element that undergoes an elastic transverse deflection is given by14Longitudinal loads in a moving mechanism element are not constant,and depend both on the position in the element a

28、nd on time.With the longitudinal elastic motions neglected,the longitudinal loads may be derived from the rigid body inertia forces,and can be expressed aswhere PR is an external longitudinal load acting at theright hand end of an element,andox(i )ais the absolute eacceleration of the point O in the

29、 x direction shown in Fig.2.The Lagrangian takes the formSubstituting Eqs.(5-10)into(12),and employing the Euler-Lagrange equations,the governing equations of motion for a rotating and translating elastic beam can be expressed in the following matrix form:whereMe,CeandKeare mass,equivalent damping,a

30、nd equivalent stiffness matrices of a element,respectively;Feis a load vector of an element.When formulating the mass matrix of the coupler,the mass of the slider should be taken into account.B.Global equations of slider crank mechanism For the proposed approach to solve a flexible slider crank mech

31、anism,the global variables are the curvatures on the nodes.For assembling all elements,it is necessary to consider the boundary conditions applied to the mechanism.Since a prescribed motion applied to the base of the crank,there is a bending moment at point O shown in Fig.1,i.e.,the curvature at poi

32、nt O exists.For points A and B shown in Fig.1,we presume that both points refer to pin joints.Thus,the bendingmoments and the curvatures at both points are zeros.Since Eq.(13)is a matrix-form expression in terms of the vector of global variables,the global equations can be obtained by directly summing up all of element equations,which can be expressed aswhereM,C,Kare global mass,damping and stiffness matrices,respectively;Fis a global load vector.V.Numerical simulation based on steady stateThe rotating speed