周六1213 高中语法之句子成分.docx

1、周六1213 高中语法之句子成分高中语法之句子成分句子成分定义：英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： （主谓间宾直宾）五： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一： （主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主

2、角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词） 用划分下列句子的成分并翻译成中文：1. The sun was shining. 2. The moon rose. 3. The universe remains. 4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 5. Who cares? 6. What he said does not matter. 7. They talked for

3、half an hour. 8. The pen writes smoothly. 基本句型 二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感

4、觉好，smell bad/难闻 （是系动词） 用划分下列句子的成分并翻译成中文：1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. The trouble is that they are short of money. 基本句型 三： （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须

5、跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等 （及物动词） 用划分下列句子的成分并翻译成中文：1. Who knows the answer? 2. She smiled her thanks. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. They ate what was left over. 5. He said Good morning. 基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示

6、。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith. （及物） （多指人） （多指物 ）用划分下列句子的成分并翻译成中文：1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 3. He brought you a dicti

7、onary. 4. He denies her nothing. 5. I showed him my pictures. 6. I gave my car a wash. 基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy

8、. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows.名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running across the road. （及物） （宾语） （宾补）用划分下列句子的成分并翻译成中文：1. They appointed him manager. 2. They painted the door green. 3. This set them thinking. 4. They found the house

9、 deserted. 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语。一、 定语： 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须

10、放在名词之后。 找出下列句子的定语成分，并翻译成中文：形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.Tom is a handsome boy.There is a good boy. 数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens.There are two boys in the room. 代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen. His name is Tom. 介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. The boy in blue

11、is Tom. 名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen. There is only one ball pen in the pencil box. 副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen. The best boy here is Tom. 不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen. There is nothing to do today.分词（短语）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. The pen bought by

12、 her is made in China. There are five boys left. 定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. The boy you will know is Tom. There are five boys who will play the game. 二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修

13、饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意。如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.（1）（2）找出下列句子的状语成分，并翻译成中文：副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much. The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother. 介词短

14、语作状语：In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.Before his mother, Tom is always a boy.On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 分词（短语）作状语：He sits there, asking for a pen.Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his h

15、omework. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.名词作状语：Come this way! 状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 1.主语句子一般要有主语。在简单句中，主语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式(短语) 来充当。动名词、动词不定式作主语时通常用 it 作形式主语。找出下列句子的主语，并翻译成中文：English is very important. The students all love

16、their English teacher.They go to school by bus. Most of the students come from the countryside. Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. Its no use regretting it. To see is to believe. It is very hard to get to sleep.2.谓语谓语必须由动词充当，但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词(表动作)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直

17、接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。找出下列句子的谓语，并翻译成中文：We should help each other. They respect one another.All of the students like the novel. Did you see many people there? He left here yesterday. Youre driving too fast. The teacher came in, book in hand. He went abroad in the September o He is an excellent teacher.

18、 Her son is a friend of ours. Ours is a great country. The box itself is not so heavy. 3. 宾语宾语是行为动作的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。找出下列句子的宾语成分，并翻译成中文：I like Chinese food. I bought a ticket for Milan. I enjoyed talking to you. Have you finished dressing? He certainly did not want to j

19、oin them. They decided to close the border. We hoped that all would come well. We expected that you would stay for a few days. 4.表语表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词等充当。找出下列句子的表语，并翻译成中文：They are brother and sister. What I want to say is this. Her father is sixty-five. John is captain

20、 of the team. The poor boy was myself. The ones who really want it are ourselves. All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. My favourite sport is swimming. 5. 定语定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子充当。找出下列句子的定语，并翻译成中文：His father is a doctor. Mr.

21、Green has two sons. The girl under the tree is Kate. The man downstairs couldnt sleep well. I bought a new dictionary. Can you find out the answer to the question？Would you like something to drink? A barking dog seldom bites. A man going to die is always kind-hearted. The suggestion sent to the comm

22、ittee was adopted. Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? 6.状语英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原因、结果、伴随等。找出下列句子的状语，判断是什么状语，并翻译成中文：(1) I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. Hearing the news, they felt very excited. Go along this street un

23、til you reach the end. (2) Pandas only live in China. You should put the book where it was.(3) I have quite a lot of work to do. (4)Well go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper. She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. (5) We us

24、ually go to school on foot. Please do it as I told you. (6) Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy. No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. (7) If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the others. Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better. (8) Your watch is not the sa

25、me as mine. Mike is not as (so) tall as Jack. (9) We didnt go to the park because of the bad weather.Im glad to meet you.Being ill, he didnt go to school.(10)The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. He left early, so that he caught the train. (11) The doctor hurried off, with a medi

26、cine box under his arm. The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 7.宾语补足语宾语补足语主要用来补充说明宾语，与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词等充当。找出下列句子的宾语补足语，并翻译成中文：Tom found the climb quite easy. Dont be so formal. Call me Jim. Im finished. Lets go now. You must keep it clean. I h

27、ave the car waiting. We had the machine repaired. Why dont you have your hair cut? He had his finger cut. I had my watch stolen yesterday. I have a lot of work to do. She has plenty of clothes to wear. He made me repeat the story. Rain makes plants grow.句子成分练习题( 一 )(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with

28、 two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The day

29、s get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B

30、. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did

31、you give my book to?A. give B.did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The