8Victorian Age.docx

1、8Victorian AgeVictorian Age(1837-1901) Literature in the 19th Century(I)Critical RealismBrief History of EnglandMonarchs of England 1066Norman and Plantagenet (金雀花王朝) Kings 1066-1377Houses of Lancaster and York (兰开斯特/约克玫瑰战争)1377-1485House of Tudor 1485-1603 (Henry VII-Henry VIII-Edward VI-Mary I-Eli

2、zabeth I)House of Stuart 1603-1714 (James I-Charles I -Oliver Cromwell -Charles II-Mary and her Dutch husband Prince William of Orange-Queen Anne)House of Hanover汉诺威 1714-1837 (George I-George II-George III-George IV-his brother William IV)House of Saxe-Coburg萨克斯.科堡1837- 1917 (Victoria-her eldest so

3、n Edward VIIHouse of Windsor(1917-) George V-his son Edward VIII- his brother George VI; Elizabeth II 1952年加冕Background of the Age Development of Capitalist Industry and Its Repercussions Age of prosperity and progress: -Workshop of the world A period of social unrest -The Chartist Movement Changes

4、in Ideology意识形态 The Origins of Species 物种起源(1859)Das Kapital 资本论 Women in the Victorian Age The Victorian Age Can Be Devided into THERE Periods The early period 1832-1848, a time of social unrest; The middle period 1848-1870, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy; The last period

5、 1870-1901, a period of decay 衰退of Victorian values.The Chartist（宪章） Movement England became a typical capitalist country and the struggle between the workers and capitalists became the fundamental contradiction in English social life. In 1836 arose the working-class movement known as Chartism.” The

6、 new Poor Law 1834/The Corn Law (1815) The English workers got themselves organized in big cities and brought forth the Peoples charter. In which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of

7、peoples signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class and the early sign of the awakening of the

8、 poor, oppressed people.Utilitarianism实用主义/功利主义 Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-classed industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting worker

9、s to the utmost and brought greater suffering and poverty to the working mass.5. The Problem of Women In 1837 when Queen Victoria came to the throne, married women had no property rights, not even in the proceeds of their own earnings. They had no rights to custody of their own children and were exc

10、luded from universities and professions. women were still regarded as second-class citizens. Man for the field and woman for the hearth; Major Literary Figures in This PeriodA. Novel of Critical Realism: Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities William Thackeray: Vanity

11、 Fair Gorge Eliot: Adam Bede Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights Thomas Hardy: Tess of the DUrbervillesB. Victorian Poetry: Alfred Lord Tennyson Robert Browning Elizabeth Barrel Browning: The Cry of the Children, Sonnets from the PortugueseC: The Aestheticism 唯美主义“art for art

12、s sake” Oscar Wilde Literature of the Age The Victorian Age(1832-1902) is one of the greatest and most creative periods in the history of English literature, standing only next to the Elizabethan Age and the Age of Romanticism. The age produced such great novelists as Dickens, and Thackeray, such gr

13、eat poets as Tennyson, and Browning, and such great essayists as Carlyle and Ruskin. The age was largely an age of prose, especially the novel as well as literary and social criticism. Critical Realism The Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism -a realism which strives to tell

14、 the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a peaceful instrument of human

15、 progress. so far as the literary form is concerned, the major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. The 19th century critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of

16、the fate of individuals and of whole social classes. Jane Austen (1775-1817) -born in south of England, a clergymans family -spent all her life in the countryside, unmarried -published her 6 works anonymously匿名 - Sense and Sensibility 1811 理智与情感- Pride and Prejudice 1813 傲慢与偏见- Mansfield Park 1814 曼

17、斯菲尔德花园- Emma 1816 爱玛- Persuasion 1818 劝告- Northanger Abbey 1818 诺桑觉寺Sense and SensibilityIt was the first of Austens novels to be published, under the pseudonym A Lady. tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs Elinor sense Marianne sensibility Criticized selfish and irresponsible behav

18、iors of both men and women in choosing marriage partnersPride and Prejudice The first theme is pride and prejudice and the second theme is love and marriage Three types of marriage: (1) for money, position and property. (2) just for passion . (3) for love based on consideration of the persons person

19、al merit as well as his economic and social status.A Realist among Romantics All of Austens novels were published contemporaneously（ 同时代地） with the works of Romantic writers such as William Blake, William Wordsworth, Lord Byron, and Percy Shelly. However, her carefully crafted portrayals of Englands

20、 rural gentry, with their satiric depictions of the upper class, set her apart from her contemporaries and more in line with writers from the Age of Reason. (Her works critique批判 the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism.

21、)Characteristics of Her Works 1. Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. She drew vivid and realistic pictures of everyday life of the country society in her novels. 2. Jane Austens main concern is about human beings in their personal relations, human beings with their families and neighbors.

22、 3. Stories of love and marriage provide the framework for all her novels and in them women are always taken as the major characters. Comments Walter Scott praised her: “That young lady has a talent for describing the involvements and feeling and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most w

23、onderful I ever met with. She herself compared her work to fine engravings made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square. Her novels, focusing on courtship and marriage, remain well-known for their satirical depictions of English society and the manners of the era. Her insights into the l

24、ives of women during the late 18th century and the early 19th century period in addition to her ability to handle form, satire, and irony have made her one of the most studied and influential novelists of her time. Charles Dickens(1812-1870)The greatest representative of English critical realism Lif

25、e Story Born in Portsmouth Only had a few years of private education at William Giless School, in Chatham before his father was imprisoned When he was 11,he worked in a factory putting labels on bottles of shoe polish,helping sopport his family. Maria Beadnell married Catherine Thomson 1836 Ellen Te

26、rnen1858buried at Westminster Abbey in the Poets Corner. Dickens writing career: 3 stages A: first stage: the period of youthful optimism (1833-1841) a. Pickwick Papers, 1836 匹克威克外传 b. Oliver Twist, 1837-1838 雾都孤儿 c. Nicholas Nickleby, 1838-1839 尼古拉斯 尼克尔贝 d. The Old Curiosity Shop, 1840-1841 老古玩店 e.

27、 Barnaby Rudge, 1841 巴纳比 拉奇 B. second stage: the period of excitement and irritation (1842-1850) a. Dombey and Son, 1847-1848 董贝父子 b. David Copperfield, 1849-1850大卫 科波菲尔 (semi-autobiography) C. third : the period of steadily intensifying pessimism (1851-1870) a. Bleak House, 1852-1853 凄凉院 b. Hard Ti

28、mes, 1854 艰难时世 c. Little Dorrit, 1855-1857 小杜丽 d. A Tale of Two Cities, 1859 双城记 e. Great Expectation, 1860-1861 远大前程 f. Our Mutual Friend, 1864-1865 我们共同的朋友 g. Edwin Drood, 1870 艾德温德鲁特 Oliver Twistone of the most famousworks of Charles Dickens, is a novel reflecting the tragicfact of the life in Br

29、itain in 19thcentury. is about aboy named Oliver Twist, who escapes from an orphanage(孤儿院 and meets a gang of pickpocketers(扒手） in London. The novel is one of Dickenss most well-known works, and has been the subject of numerous filmand television adaptations. “Please,sir,I want some more” The bowls

30、never wanted washing.The boys polished them with their spoons.Fagin (bad man) Fagin- The main antagonist in the story, “The Jew” takes Oliver under his wing and tries to make a pickpocket out of him. He is a powerful crime leader who has an affection for only money and will kill anyone who stands in

31、 his way. Bill sikes (bad man) Mr.brownlow (nice adopt) Oliver twist (hero)A Tale of Two Cities one of Dickenss most important representative works Background : French Revolution Settings: London and Paris Time Period: seventy years before the Victorian Age 经典开篇 (时代) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the ageof wisdom, it was the age offoolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness Dr. Alexandre Manette a physician,Lucies father Marquis of Evermond an aristocrat an