8Victorian Age.docx

8Victorian Age.docx

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8VictorianAge

VictorianAge（1837-1901）

Literatureinthe19thCentury（I）CriticalRealism

BriefHistoryofEngland

MonarchsofEngland1066

NormanandPlantagenet（金雀花王朝）Kings1066-1377

HousesofLancasterandYork（兰开斯特/约克玫瑰战争）1377-1485

HouseofTudor1485-1603（HenryVII-HenryVIII-EdwardVI-MaryI-ElizabethI）

HouseofStuart1603-1714（JamesI-CharlesI-OliverCromwell-CharlesII-MaryandherDutchhusbandPrinceWilliamofOrange-QueenAnne）

HouseofHanover汉诺威1714-1837（GeorgeI-GeorgeII-GeorgeIII-GeorgeIV-hisbrotherWilliamIV）

HouseofSaxe-Coburg萨克斯.科堡1837-1917（Victoria-hereldestsonEdwardVII

HouseofWindsor（1917-）GeorgeV-hissonEdwardVIII-hisbrotherGeorgeVI;ElizabethII1952年加冕

BackgroundoftheAge

•DevelopmentofCapitalistIndustryandItsRepercussions

•Ageofprosperityandprogress:

--Workshopoftheworld

•Aperiodofsocialunrest

--TheChartistMovement

•ChangesinIdeology意识形态

TheOriginsofSpecies《物种起源》（1859）DasKapital《资本论》

•WomenintheVictorianAge

TheVictorianAgeCanBeDevidedintoTHEREPeriods

ØTheearlyperiod1832-1848,atimeofsocialunrest;

ØThemiddleperiod1848-1870,aperiodofeconomicprosperityandreligiouscontroversy;

ØThelastperiod1870-1901,aperiodofdecay衰退ofVictorianvalues.

TheChartist（宪章）Movement

ØEnglandbecameatypicalcapitalistcountryandthestrugglebetweentheworkersandcapitalistsbecamethefundamentalcontradictioninEnglishsociallife.In1836arosetheworking-classmovementknownasChartism.”ThenewPoorLaw1834/TheCornLaw（1815）

TheEnglishworkersgotthemselvesorganizedinbigcitiesandbroughtforththePeople’scharter.Inwhichtheydemandedbasicrightsandbetterlivingandworkingconditions.

They,forthreetimes,madeappealstothegovernment,withhundredsofthousandsofpeople’ssignatures.Themovementsweptovermostofthecitiesinthecountry.Althoughthemovementdeclinedtoanendin1848,itdidbringsomeimprovementtothewelfareoftheworkingclass.

ThiswasthefirstmassmovementoftheEnglishworkingclassandtheearlysignoftheawakeningofthepoor,oppressedpeople.

Utilitarianism实用主义/功利主义

Almosteverythingwasputtothetestbythecriterionofutility,thatis,theextenttowhichitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness.Thistheoryheldaspecialappealtothemiddle-classedindustrialists,whosegreeddrovethemtoexploitingworkerstotheutmostandbroughtgreatersufferingandpovertytotheworkingmass.

5.TheProblemofWomen

–In1837whenQueenVictoriacametothethrone,marriedwomenhadnopropertyrights,notevenintheproceedsoftheirownearnings.Theyhadnorightstocustodyoftheirownchildrenandwereexcludedfromuniversitiesandprofessions.womenwerestillregardedassecond-classcitizens.

–Manforthefieldandwomanforthehearth;

MajorLiteraryFiguresinThisPeriod

A.NovelofCriticalRealism:

•CharlesDickens:

OliverTwist,DavidCopperfield,

ATaleofTwoCities

WilliamThackeray:

VanityFair

GorgeEliot:

AdamBede

CharlotteBronte:

JaneEyre

EmilyBronte:

WutheringHeights

ThomasHardy:

TessoftheD'Urbervilles

B.VictorianPoetry:

AlfredLordTennysonRobertBrowning

ElizabethBarrelBrowning:

TheCryofthe

Children,SonnetsfromthePortuguese

C:

TheAestheticism唯美主义“artforart’ssake”

OscarWilde

LiteratureoftheAge

•TheVictorianAge（1832-1902）isoneofthegreatestandmostcreativeperiodsinthehistoryofEnglishliterature,standingonlynexttotheElizabethanAgeandtheAgeofRomanticism.

•TheageproducedsuchgreatnovelistsasDickens,andThackeray,suchgreatpoetsasTennyson,andBrowning,andsuchgreatessayistsasCarlyleandRuskin.

•Theagewaslargelyanageofprose,especiallythenovelaswellasliteraryandsocialcriticism.

CriticalRealism

TheVictorianAgeisanageofrealismratherthanofromanticism---arealismwhichstrivestotellthewholetruthshowingmoralandphysicaldiseasesastheyare.Tobetruetolifebecomesthefirstrequirementforliterarywriting.Asthemirroroftruth,literaturehascomeveryclosetodailylife,reflectingitspracticalproblemsandinterestsandisusedasapeacefulinstrumentofhumanprogress.

sofarastheliteraryformisconcerned,themajorcontributionmadebythe19thcenturycriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel.The19thcenturycriticalrealistsmadeuseoftheformofnovelforfullanddetailedrepresentationsofsocialandpoliticalevents,andofthefateofindividualsandofwholesocialclasses.

JaneAusten（1775-1817）

•--borninsouthofEngland,aclergyman’sfamily

•--spentallherlifeinthecountryside,unmarried

--publishedher6worksanonymously匿名

--SenseandSensibility1811《理智与情感》

--PrideandPrejudice1813《傲慢与偏见》

--MansfieldPark1814《曼斯菲尔德花园》

--Emma1816《爱玛》

--Persuasion1818《劝告》

--NorthangerAbbey1818《诺桑觉寺》

《SenseandSensibility》

ItwasthefirstofAusten'snovelstobepublished,underthepseudonym"ALady."

tellsastoryabouttwosistersandtheirloveaffairs

ElinorsenseMariannesensibility

●Criticizedselfishandirresponsiblebehaviorsofbothmenandwomeninchoosingmarriagepartners

《PrideandPrejudice》

Thefirstthemeisprideandprejudiceandthesecondthemeisloveandmarriage

●Threetypesofmarriage:

（1）formoney,positionandproperty.

（2）justforpassion.

（3）forlovebasedonconsiderationoftheperson’spersonalmeritaswellashiseconomicandsocialstatus.

ARealistamongRomantics

●AllofAusten’snovelswerepublishedcontemporaneously（同时代地）withtheworksofRomanticwriterssuchasWilliamBlake,WilliamWordsworth,LordByron,andPercyShelly.However,hercarefullycraftedportrayalsofEngland’sruralgentry,withtheirsatiricdepictionsoftheupperclass,setherapartfromhercontemporariesandmoreinlinewithwritersfromtheAgeofReason.

●（Herworkscritique批判thenovelsofsensibilityofthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyandarepartofthetransitionto19th-centuryrealism.）

CharacteristicsofHerWorks

1.JaneAustenisoneoftherealisticnovelists.Shedrewvividandrealisticpicturesofeverydaylifeofthecountrysocietyinhernovels.

2.JaneAusten’smainconcernisabouthumanbeingsintheirpersonalrelations,humanbeingswiththeirfamiliesandneighbors.

3.Storiesofloveandmarriageprovidetheframeworkforallhernovelsandinthemwomenarealwaystakenasthemajorcharacters.

Comments

●WalterScottpraisedher:

“ThatyoungladyhasatalentfordescribingtheinvolvementsandfeelingandcharactersofordinarylifewhichistomethemostwonderfulIevermetwith.

●Sheherselfcomparedherworktofineengravingsmadeuponalittlepieceofivoryonlytwoinchessquare.

●Hernovels,focusingoncourtshipandmarriage,remainwell-knownfortheirsatiricaldepictionsofEnglishsocietyandthemannersoftheera.Herinsightsintothelivesofwomenduringthelate18thcenturyandtheearly19thcenturyperiod–inadditiontoherabilitytohandleform,satire,andirony–havemadeheroneofthemoststudiedandinfluentialnovelistsofhertime.

CharlesDickens（1812-1870）

ThegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealismLifeStory

●BorninPortsmouthOnlyhadafewyearsofprivateeducationatWilliamGiles'sSchool,inChathambeforehisfatherwasimprisoned

●Whenhewas11,heworkedinafactoryputtinglabelsonbottlesofshoepolish,helpingsopporthisfamily.

●MariaBeadnellmarriedCatherineThomson1836EllenTernen1858

buriedatWestminsterAbbeyinthePoet’sCorner.

Dickens’writingcareer:

3stages

A:

firststage:

theperiodofyouthfuloptimism（1833-1841）

a.PickwickPapers,1836《匹克威克外传》

b.OliverTwist,1837-1838《雾都孤儿》

c.NicholasNickleby,1838-1839《尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝》

d.TheOldCuriosityShop,1840-1841《老古玩店》

e.BarnabyRudge,1841《巴纳比·拉奇》

B.secondstage:

theperiodofexcitementandirritation（1842-1850）

a.DombeyandSon,1847-1848《董贝父子》

b.DavidCopperfield,1849-1850《大卫·科波菲尔》（semi-autobiography）

C.third:

theperiodofsteadilyintensifyingpessimism（1851-1870）

a.BleakHouse,1852-1853《凄凉院》

b.HardTimes,1854《艰难时世》

c.LittleDorrit,1855-1857《小杜丽》

d.ATaleofTwoCities,1859《双城记》

e.GreatExpectation,1860-1861《远大前程》

f.OurMutualFriend,1864-1865《我们共同的朋友》

g.EdwinDrood,1870《艾德温德鲁特》

OliverTwist

oneofthemostfamousworksofCharlesDickens’,isanovelreflecting

thetragicfactofthelifeinBritainin19thcentury.

isaboutaboynamedOliverTwist,whoescapesfromanorphanage（孤儿院andmeetsagangofpickpocketers（扒手）inLondon.ThenovelisoneofDickens'smostwell-knownworks,andhasbeenthesubjectofnumerousfilmandtelevisionadaptations.

“Please,sir,Iwantsomemore”Thebowlsneverwantedwashing.Theboyspolishedthemwiththeirspoons.

Fagin（badman）Fagin-Themainantagonistinthestory,“TheJew”takesOliverunderhiswingandtriestomakeapickpocketoutofhim.Heisapowerfulcrimeleaderwhohasanaffectionforonlymoneyandwillkillanyonewhostandsinhisway.Billsikes（badman）Mr.brownlow（niceadopt）Olivertwist（hero）

ATaleofTwoCities

oneofDickens’smostimportantrepresentativeworks

●Background:

FrenchRevolutionSettings:

LondonandParis

●TimePeriod:

seventyyearsbeforetheVictorianAge

经典开篇（时代）

Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageof

foolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness

Dr.AlexandreManette–aphysician,Lucie'sfather

MarquisofEvermond–anaristocratan