工程英语交流.docx

1、工程英语交流Modern Manufacturing ( 现代制造业 )1 You have been introduced to the world of industry andtechnology. Now , we shall look at the methods used by industry tomanufacture things. Very simply , an industry may be defined as allthe work needed to produce a certain kind of goods or services and tomake th

2、ose goods or services available to the people who need orwant them . Goods are material things such as clothes and cars andcomputers . Services are nonmaterial . For instances , the televisionand radio programs you enjoy are a service produced by theentertainment industry.The Essentials of Industry2

3、 A manufacturing ( goods-producing ) industry needs threebasic types of resources:- Material resources. Such as timber , petroleum , and iron ore ,from which goods are made.- Human resources. The people , everyone from computeroperators to managers , whose work helps produce the goods .- Capital res

4、ources. The factories,equipment,and money need toturn raw materials into usable products.3 Without these resources , industry could not exist . That iswhy they are called the essential of industry. Yet it is not enough foran industry to have the essentials for production . Industry mustorganize thes

5、e essential resources in such a way that the mass-production of high-quality goods can take place. The elements ofindustry can provide such an organization plan.The Elements of Industry 4 The elements of industry are seven key steps for oprganizingproduction:-Research and Development(R&D). Inventing

6、 and designing products,processes,and materials.-Production Tooling(PT). Designing and making special tools used to manufacture products-Production Planning and Controls(PPC). Planning and controlling the flow of materials through the production and assembly lines.-Quality Control(QC). Setting and m

7、aintaining standards of acceptability for products.-Personnel Management(PM). Selecting and training workers.-Manufacturing(MF). Changing raw materials into usable products by cutting,forming, fastening and finishing.-Marketing(MK). Creating a demand for and distributing finishen products to the peo

8、ple who are to use them.5 Not all industries use these same seven steps. Some give them different names or group them differently. But the logicalpattern of action remains the same.Research and Development6 The new products,materails,and process used in industrydo not just happen accidentally.They a

9、re invented and perfected bypeople who are trained in art,science,technology,and engineering.These are the people who work in research and development.Research and development (or RD for short) is the planning of newproducts, processes, or materials and the improvement of old ones tomeet the needs o

10、f who use them. Research and development issometimes called |“the industry of discovery” because it is such alarge, important part of the industrial world and requires so manypeople with different talents.Production Tooling7 You may have heard the term “tooling up”. These words are often used in the

11、 manufacturing industries. For example, when acompany comes out with a new model motorcycle, it must “tool up”for the product. This means that special tools must be made to stamp out the newly designed bodies.Production tooling (PT) is the element of industry concerned withthese tools. Those respons

12、ible for production tooling obtain thetools, machines, and equipment needed to make a product. Usuallyengineers design the tooling and tool, and die makers produce it.8 Fast, efficient mass production often requires the use of special tooling devices. Some of these devices are described here.A jig i

13、s a device which holds a workpiece firmly and guides a drill orother tool to an exact location. A fixture holds workpieces duringmachining or assembly. By using a jig you do not have to locate thehole with a center punch and clamp the piece in a vise before drilling.A fixture holds workpieces during

14、 machining or assembly. Fixturesare usually attached to a specific machine. For example, there are milling fixtures, lathe fixtures, grinding fixtures, assembly fixtures,and so on. With fixtures, workpieces can be fastened quickly andeasily.9 While jigs and fixtures are two of the most important kin

15、ds of tooling used in industry, there are many others which are also necessary. Pressing punches and dies, extrusion and drawing dies, and casting patterns are some further examples. The people who make these devices, the tool and die makers, are highly skilled crafters and must work and study for m

16、any years before becoming qualified.Production Planning and Control10 If you were building a table, you would not glue the legs and rails together until the dowel holes had been drilled. Neither would you paint the top if it had not been cut to shape and sanded. The same kind of clear thinking is ne

17、eded when mass-producing products.11 In order to make certain that a product will be made properly, the right materials must arrive at the right place, in the right amounts, and at the right time. This kind of careful planning is called production planning and control, or PPC. Its most important par

18、ts are routing, scheduling, dispatching, and plant layout.12 Routing is preparing a plan of the stops requires to make something . A route sheet (or plan of procedure ) is usually prepared for every kind of part to be made . For example , if the product were a simple footstool with a top and four le

19、gs , one route sheet would be needed for the top and one for the legs. A bill of materials must also be made as a part of routing . This bill lists all the items needed to make the product. 13 Scheduling is fitting jobs into a timetable so materials and parts enter the production line at the right p

20、lace and time . A schedule,then , is a method of organizing facilities , orders , materials , and time. 14 Dispatching is issuing work orders to set the production line in motion. For example, the supervisors on the assembly line are told when production should begin and how many pieces must be made

21、 each day. The supervisors make sure these work orders are followed. These orders ate important,for they tell when materials should be released from storage and when production should begin.15 Another important part of production planning and control is plant layout. The machinery and equipment must

22、 be arranged so That production can take place smoothly,without wasted time and effort. Usually this kind of layout is done by engineers andTechnicians who understand the production process.Quality Control16 Products made in a factory must meet certain standards. Otherwise they will not be useful, a

23、nd people will not buy them.The element of industry concerned with this part of production is quality control, or QC. Quality control can be defined as those activities which prevent defective articles from being produced or, ifthey are produced, prevent them from reaching the market. In this way ma

24、nagement tries to insure that a product will be acceptable tothe buyer.17 There are three steps in a QC program: specifications,tooling and inspection.18 Specifications ate detailed descriptions of the standards for a product. Some typical standards might include rules about size, material, function

25、, and shape. For example, a specification might state that a cutting board must be 3/4 ” thick,7” wide, and 12” long and be made out of basswood.It might further state that boards 1/8” smaller or larger in any of thesedimensions will be acceptable. This specifies the amount of errorthat will be allo

26、wed in each piece. This allowance is called thetolerance. It is important to state a tolerance because tool wear andoperator error make it impossible for all the boards to be exactly thesame size.19 Tooling in QC refers to the special devices needed tomeasure the accuracy of parts. A “go/no-go” gaug

27、e is an example ofsuch a tool. By slipping a part into this device the inspector can tellat a glance whether or not it is the right size. It is the responsibilityof the QC staff to design and build, or purchase, such inspectiondevices.20 Inspection is done to make sure products meet thespecification

28、s. Inspections are done on purchased materials or parts,on goods being produced or assembled, and on finished products. Inaddition to special inspectors, machine operators are expected toexamine their own work. They are qualified to do this because theyknow what the part should look like, and they c

29、an detect errors early.Marketing21 Marketing (MK) is the process of getting products from thosewho make them to those who use them. Marketing helps to deliverthe right kinds of goods to us, in the right form and amount, at theright time and price. In order to do this, the people in marketingmust wor

30、k at market research, advertising, packaging, distributing,selling, and servicing.22 Market research gathers information about products and thePeople who use them. Have you ever answered a questionnaireAbout a product or participated in a taste test? These are examplesof market research.The people d

31、oing the research want to find out what people like ordislike so that their product can be made to appeal to the greatestnumber of people.23 The usual purpose of advertising is to make the public awareof and interested in certain goods. Manufacturers advertise ontelevision and radio, in a valuable s

32、ervice. For instance,through advertising we can learn about different brands of the same kind of product so that we may select the one which suits us best.24 In industry, packaging refers to the containers used to holdproducts. You see and use many kinds of package each day. Thegum you chew comes in a wrapper; the shoe