工程英语交流.docx

工程英语交流.docx

《工程英语交流.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《工程英语交流.docx（41页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

工程英语交流

ModernManufacturing（现代制造业）

1Youhavebeenintroducedtotheworldofindustryand

technology.Now,weshalllookatthemethodsusedbyindustryto

manufacturethings.Verysimply,anindustrymaybedefinedasall

theworkneededtoproduceacertainkindofgoodsorservicesandto

makethosegoodsorservicesavailabletothepeoplewhoneedor

wantthem.Goodsarematerialthingssuchasclothesandcarsand

computers.Servicesarenonmaterial.Forinstances,thetelevision

andradioprogramsyouenjoyareaserviceproducedbythe

entertainmentindustry.

TheEssentialsofIndustry

2Amanufacturing（goods-producing）industryneedsthree

basictypesofresources:

---Materialresources.Suchastimber,petroleum,andironore,

fromwhichgoodsaremade.

---Humanresources.Thepeople,everyonefromcomputer

operatorstomanagers,whoseworkhelpsproducethegoods.

---Capitalresources.Thefactories,equipment,andmoneyneedto

turnrawmaterialsintousableproducts.

3Withouttheseresources,industrycouldnotexist.Thatis

whytheyarecalledtheessentialofindustry.Yetitisnotenoughfor

anindustrytohavetheessentialsforproduction.Industrymust

organizetheseessentialresourcesinsuchawaythatthemass-

productionofhigh-qualitygoodscantakeplace.Theelementsof

industrycanprovidesuchanorganizationplan.

TheElementsofIndustry

4Theelementsofindustryaresevenkeystepsforoprganizing

production:

---ResearchandDevelopment（R&D）.

Inventinganddesigningproducts,processes,andmaterials.

---ProductionTooling（PT）.

Designingandmakingspecialtoolsusedtomanufactureproducts

---ProductionPlanningandControls（PPC）.

Planningandcontrollingtheflowofmaterialsthroughthe

productionandassemblylines.

---QualityControl（QC）.

Settingandmaintainingstandardsofacceptabilityforproducts.

---PersonnelManagement（PM）.

Selectingandtrainingworkers.

---Manufacturing（MF）.

Changingrawmaterialsintousableproductsbycutting,forming,

fasteningandfinishing.

---Marketing（MK）.

Creatingademandforanddistributingfinishenproductstothe

peoplewhoaretousethem.

5Notallindustriesusethesesamesevensteps.Somegive

themdifferentnamesorgroupthemdifferently.Butthelogical

patternofactionremainsthesame.

ResearchandDevelopment

6Thenewproducts,materails,andprocessusedinindustry

donotjusthappenaccidentally.Theyareinventedandperfectedby

peoplewhoaretrainedinart,science,technology,andengineering.

Thesearethepeoplewhoworkinresearchanddevelopment.

Researchanddevelopment（orRDforshort）istheplanningofnew

products,processes,ormaterialsandtheimprovementofoldonesto

meettheneedsofwhousethem.Researchanddevelopmentis

sometimescalled|“theindustryofdiscovery”becauseitissucha

large,importantpartoftheindustrialworldandrequiressomany

peoplewithdifferenttalents.

ProductionTooling

7Youmayhaveheardtheterm“toolingup”.Thesewordsare

oftenusedinthemanufacturingindustries.Forexample,whena

companycomesoutwithanewmodelmotorcycle,itmust“toolup”

fortheproduct.Thismeansthatspecialtoolsmustbemadeto

stampoutthenewlydesignedbodies.

Productiontooling（PT）istheelementofindustryconcernedwith

thesetools.Thoseresponsibleforproductiontoolingobtainthe

tools,machines,andequipmentneededtomakeaproduct.Usually

engineersdesignthetoolingandtool,anddiemakersproduceit.

8Fast,efficientmassproductionoftenrequirestheuseof

specialtoolingdevices.Someofthesedevicesaredescribedhere.

Ajigisadevicewhichholdsaworkpiecefirmlyandguidesadrillor

othertooltoanexactlocation.Afixtureholdsworkpiecesduring

machiningorassembly.Byusingajigyoudonothavetolocatethe

holewithacenterpunchandclampthepieceinavisebeforedrilling.

Afixtureholdsworkpiecesduringmachiningorassembly.Fixtures

areusuallyattachedtoaspecificmachine.Forexample,thereare

]millingfixtures,lathefixtures,grindingfixtures,assemblyfixtures,

andsoon.Withfixtures,workpiecescanbefastenedquicklyand

easily.

9Whilejigsandfixturesaretwoofthemostimportantkindsof

toolingusedinindustry,therearemanyotherswhicharealso

necessary.Pressingpunchesanddies,extrusionanddrawingdies,

andcastingpatternsaresomefurtherexamples.Thepeoplewho

makethesedevices,thetoolanddiemakers,arehighlyskilled

craftersandmustworkandstudyformanyyearsbeforebecoming

qualified.

ProductionPlanningandControl

10Ifyouwerebuildingatable,youwouldnotgluethelegsand

railstogetheruntilthedowelholeshadbeendrilled.Neitherwould

youpaintthetopifithadnotbeencuttoshapeandsanded.The

samekindofclearthinkingisneededwhenmass-producingproducts.

11Inordertomakecertainthataproductwillbemadeproperly,

therightmaterialsmustarriveattherightplace,intherightamounts,

andattherighttime.Thiskindofcarefulplanningiscalled

productionplanningandcontrol,orPPC.Itsmostimportantparts

arerouting,scheduling,dispatching,andplantlayout.

12Routingispreparingaplanofthestopsrequirestomake

something.Aroutesheet（orplanofprocedure）isusuallyprepared

foreverykindofparttobemade.Forexample,iftheproductwere

asimplefootstoolwithatopandfourlegs,oneroutesheetwouldbe

neededforthetopandoneforthelegs.Abillofmaterialsmust

alsobemadeasapartofrouting.Thisbilllistsalltheitemsneeded

tomaketheproduct.

13Schedulingisfittingjobsintoatimetablesomaterialsand

partsentertheproductionlineattherightplaceandtime.Aschedule,

then,isamethodoforganizingfacilities,orders,materials,andtime.

14Dispatchingisissuingworkorderstosettheproductionlineinmotion.Forexample,thesupervisorsontheassemblylinearetoldwhenproductionshouldbeginandhowmanypiecesmustbemadeeachday.Thesupervisorsmakesuretheseworkordersarefollowed.Theseordersateimportant,fortheytellwhenmaterialsshouldbereleasedfromstorageandwhenproductionshouldbegin.

15Anotherimportantpartofproductionplanningandcontrolisplantlayout.Themachineryandequipmentmustbearrangedso

Thatproductioncantakeplacesmoothly,withoutwastedtimeandeffort.Usuallythiskindoflayoutisdonebyengineersand

Technicianswhounderstandtheproductionprocess.

QualityControl

16Productsmadeinafactorymustmeetcertainstandards.Otherwisetheywillnotbeuseful,andpeoplewillnotbuythem.

Theelementofindustryconcernedwiththispartofproductionisqualitycontrol,orQC.Qualitycontrolcanbedefinedasthoseactivitieswhichpreventdefectivearticlesfrombeingproducedor,if

theyareproduced,preventthemfromreachingthemarket.Inthiswaymanagementtriestoinsurethataproductwillbeacceptableto

thebuyer.

17TherearethreestepsinaQCprogram:

specifications,

toolingandinspection.

18Specificationsatedetaileddescriptionsofthestandardsforaproduct.Sometypicalstandardsmightincluderulesaboutsize,material,function,andshape.Forexample,aspecificationmightstatethatacuttingboardmustbe3/4”thick,7”wide,and12”longandbemadeoutofbasswood.

Itmightfurtherstatethatboards1/8”smallerorlargerinanyofthese

dimensionswillbeacceptable.Thisspecifiestheamountoferror

thatwillbeallowedineachpiece.Thisallowanceiscalledthe

tolerance.Itisimportanttostateatolerancebecausetoolwearand

operatorerrormakeitimpossibleforalltheboardstobeexactlythe

samesize.

19ToolinginQCreferstothespecialdevicesneededto

measuretheaccuracyofparts.A“go/no-go”gaugeisanexampleof

suchatool.Byslippingapartintothisdevicetheinspectorcantell

ataglancewhetherornotitistherightsize.Itistheresponsibility

oftheQCstafftodesignandbuild,orpurchase,suchinspection

devices.

20Inspectionisdonetomakesureproductsmeetthe

specifications.Inspectionsaredoneonpurchasedmaterialsorparts,

ongoodsbeingproducedorassembled,andonfinishedproducts.In

additiontospecialinspectors,machineoperatorsareexpectedto

examinetheirownwork.Theyarequalifiedtodothisbecausethey

knowwhatthepartshouldlooklike,andtheycandetecterrorsearly.

Marketing

21Marketing（MK）istheprocessofgettingproductsfromthose

whomakethemtothosewhousethem.Marketinghelpstodeliver

therightkindsofgoodstous,intherightformandamount,atthe

righttimeandprice.Inordertodothis,thepeopleinmarketing

mustworkatmarketresearch,advertising,packaging,distributing,

selling,andservicing.

22Marketresearchgathersinformationaboutproductsandthe

Peoplewhousethem.Haveyoueveransweredaquestionnaire

Aboutaproductorparticipatedinatastetest?

Theseareexamples

ofmarketresearch.

Thepeopledoingtheresearchwanttofindoutwhatpeoplelikeor

dislikesothattheirproductcanbemadetoappealtothegreatest

numberofpeople.

23Theusualpurposeofadvertisingistomakethepublicaware

ofandinterestedincertaingoods.Manufacturersadvertiseon

televisionandradio,inavaluableservice.Forinstance,

throughadvertisingwecanlearnaboutdifferentbrandsofthesamekindofproductsothatwemayselecttheonewhichsuitsusbest.

24Inindustry,packagingreferstothecontainersusedtohold

products.Youseeandusemanykindsofpackageeachday.The

gumyouchewcomesinawrapper;theshoe