英语语法2-Negation用法.ppt

1、NegationNegation1.否定的主要表示法否定的主要表示法1)明示否定明示否定 a)用neither,never,no,nobody,none,nor,nothing,nowhere 等词 或disapproval,homeless,unable,uncommunicative,unconcerned,uneasy,unfit,unformed,unfriendly,unlike,unmentioned,unnaturally,unnoticed,un occupied,unpleasant,unquestioning,unread,un touched,unwarrantable,

2、unwarranted,unwillingness,unwise等带否定词缀的词表示.Eg:1.Nobody could possibly breathe this and survive.2.She has eaten nothing today.3.My glasses are nowhere to be found.4.He looked at me with an air of disapproval.5.The whole process was rather an unpleasant experience.6.The narrow sunless hall smelled unp

3、leasantly of stale cabbage.B)用用at no cost,by no means,on no account,under no circumstances等词组等词组.eg:1.He is by no means th ebest student in our class.2.On no account should you leave your six-year-old alone at home.2)暗示否定暗示否定:用暗含否定的词、词用暗含否定的词、词组、句子表示否定的概念。组、句子表示否定的概念。A)运用词汇手段 i)动词:bewilder,deny,doub

4、t,escape,exclude,fail,ignore,lack,miss,reject,refuse,resist,wonder.Eg:1)The door refuses to shut.2)Im sorry,your name escapes me.3)The window,although closed,cannot exclude street noise.ii)名词名词absence,denial,failure,freedom,ignorance,lack,refusal,reluctance,want,zero Eg:1)In the absence of adequate

5、proof,we cant come to any conclusion.2)There is a want of confidence in him.3)The risks were close to zero.iii)形容词形容词,如如absent,different,free,ignorant,little,reluctant等等.1.Hes been absent from class two weeks.2.Im free tomorrow.Lets go to the concert.3.We tend to be reluctant to give our fellows the

6、 warm sunshine of praise.iv)介词介词above,against,beneath,beyond,but,except,off,out,past,without1)Two of us are against the plan.2)He was beyond any pretension.3)The patients condition is past hope.v)副词副词barely,hardly,poorly,rarely,scarcely,seldom1)Tony was so tired that he could hardly keep awake at di

7、nner.2)My boss treated me poorly.vi)连词连词rather than,unless1)The shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.2)She wont be operated on unless necessary.b)运用短语手段运用短语手段 i)动词短语:brush aside,differ from,fall short(of),keep from/off,lose sight of容易忘记做,make light of不当回事,prefer to,protect from,refrain from,stop

8、 from1)He brushed aside their thanks.2)The arrow fell short.3)Keep off the wet paint.ii)形容词短语形容词短语clear of/from,far from,free of/from,short of,foreign to 1)As he is now clear of debt,he neednt work extra hours.2)Nobody in the village locks their doors.The village is said to be free of thieves.3)Self

9、ishness is foreign to her nature.iii)介词短语介词短语at a loss,at ones wits end,beneath ones notice,in vain,off ones guard,out of the question 1)Im at a loss what to say.2)Their victory is out of the question;theyve lost too many men.3)They tried in vain to convince me.iv)其他短语或词组其他短语或词组anything but,few and

10、far between,instead of,least of all,let alone,other than,still less,更不用说the last,to say nothing1)Id like to do anything but washing up.2)He was the last person I expected to see.3)They cant read,still less write.c)运用句子手段运用句子手段i)修饰性疑问句：在形式上是肯定疑问句，语义上表达强调的否定概念。1)I know its wrong to do that,but how can

11、 I help it?2)Whats the use of writing to him?Hes blind.ii)非真实条件句 1)If only I knew him.2)I wish I could go with you.3)John would still be doing the work but for Eds help.iii)习惯用法Catch me doing that.For all I care.iv)在tooto/for 句型中His hands are too big for the gloves.The tea is too hot to drink.v)比较级

12、1)work is more than a necessity.2)Doctors should know better than to distort facts and mislead patients.3)The filling station man looked surprised more than frightened.4)The food is more than we can eat.vi)含有before 引出的副词从句中 1)He left before I had time to ask his name.2)He would die before he would b

13、etray his country.2.否定词否定词 的否定范围的否定范围1)主句中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句；判定这种否定，主要靠上下文。试比较：He didnt come because he lost his way.I dont teach because teaching is easy for me.Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living.vii)用委婉肯定表达含蓄否定用委婉肯定表达含蓄否定All music is alike to Tom.S

14、he lived and died a virgin.2)Not 和和 all,both,everyone,everything 一一起起使使用用，通通常常不不表表示示完完全全 否否 定定，而而 表表 示示 部部 分分 否否 定定(Partial Negation)。All his children are not at school.I dont know ewverything about her.Both boys are not clever.3)表示完全否定（Full Negation）要用 no,neither,none,nothing,notany 等，以上两句none 和not

15、hing 即可改为完全否定句。试比较：None of his children are at school.I know nothing about her.4)not 和believe,except,feel,reckon,imagine,suppose,think 等动词一齐使用，后面带有作宾语的名词从句时，常有否定转移现象，即否定宾语从句的否定词not 转移到主句谓语动词前面。例如：I dont believe he is telling the truth.He doesnt think Ann is fit for the job.3.无否定意义的否定句无否定意义的否定句 有些句型、

16、词组和句子虽然带有否定词却表示肯定含义。句型，有cant but,cant help,cant too,no soonerthan,notuntil 等。例如：You cant be too careful with your work.No sooner had I entered the classroom than the bell rang.词组，有in no time,none other than,nobody/nothing but 等。例如：Ill be back in no time.Mother wants nothing but peace.3)双重否定(Double Negation)：句中两个否定成分相互抵消，表示肯定意义。例如：Not all of us dislike the film.He didnt deny the charges against him.The doctors left no stone unturned intheir attempt to save the child.We are never too old to learn.