平狄克《微观经济学》(第七版)06.ppt

1、Fernando&Yvonn QuijanoPrepared by:Production6C H A P T E RCopyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.Chapter 6:Production2 of 24Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.CHAPTER 6 OUT

2、LINE6.1 The Technology of Production6.2 Production with One Variable Input(Labor)6.3 Production with Two Variable Inputs6.4 Returns to ScaleChapter 6:Production3 of 24Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.ProductionThe theory of the firm

3、 describes how a firm makes cost-minimizing production decisions and how the firms resulting cost varies with its output.The production decisions of firms are analogous to the purchasing decisions of consumers,and can likewise be understood in three steps:1.Production Technology2.Cost Constraints3.I

4、nput ChoicesThe Production Decisions of a FirmChapter 6:Production4 of 24Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION6.1The Production Function factors of production Inputs into the production process(e.g.,labor,cap

5、ital,and materials).Remember the following:Inputs and outputs are flows.Equation(6.1)applies to a given technology.Production functions describe what is technically feasible when the firm operates efficiently.production function Function showing the highest output that a firm can produce for every s

6、pecified combination of inputs.(6.1)Chapter 6:Production5 of 24Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION6.1The Short Run versus the Long Run short run Period of time in which quantities of one or more production

7、factors cannot be changed.fixed input Production factor that cannot be varied.long run Amount of time needed to make all production inputs variable.Chapter 6:Production6 of 24Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.TABLE 6.1 Production wit

8、h One Variable Input 0100 110101010 210301520 310602030 410802020 510951915 6101081813 71011216 4 81011214 0 9101081241010100108PRODUCTION WITH ONE VARIABLE INPUT(LABOR)6.2TotalOutput(q)Amountof Labor(L)Amountof Capital(K)MarginalProduct(q/L)AverageProduct(q/L)Chapter 6:Production7 of 24Copyright 20

9、09 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTION WITH ONE VARIABLE INPUT(LABOR)6.2Average and Marginal Productsaverage product Output per unit of a particular input.marginal product Additional output produced as an input is increased by one unit.Ave

10、rage product of labor=Output/labor input=q/LMarginal product of labor=Change in output/change in labor input=q/LChapter 6:Production8 of 24Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTION WITH ONE VARIABLE INPUT(LABOR)6.2The Slopes of th

11、e Product CurveThe total product curve in(a)shows the output produced for different amounts of labor input.The average and marginal products in(b)can be obtained(using the data in Table 6.1)from the total product curve.At point A in(a),the marginal product is 20 because the tangent to the total prod

12、uct curve has a slope of 20.At point B in(a)the average product of labor is 20,which is the slope of the line from the origin to B.The average product of labor at point C in(a)is given by the slope of the line 0C.Production with One Variable InputFigure 6.1Chapter 6:Production9 of 24Copyright 2009 P

13、earson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTION WITH ONE VARIABLE INPUT(LABOR)6.2The Slopes of the Product CurveTo the left of point E in(b),the marginal product is above the average product and the average is increasing;to the right of E,the marginal

14、product is below the average product and the average is decreasing.As a result,E represents the point at which the average and marginal products are equal,when the average product reaches its maximum.At D,when total output is maximized,the slope of the tangent to the total product curve is 0,as is t

15、he marginal product.Production with One Variable Input(continued)Figure 6.1Chapter 6:Production10 of 24Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,Inc.Publishing as Prentice Hall Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTION WITH ONE VARIABLE INPUT(LABOR)6.2The Law of Diminishing Marginal ReturnsLabor product

16、ivity(output per unit of labor)can increase if there are improvements in technology,even though any given production process exhibits diminishing returns to labor.As we move from point A on curve O1 to B on curve O2 to C on curve O3 over time,labor productivity increases.The Effect of Technological ImprovementFigure 6.2law of diminishing marginal returns Principle that as the use of an input increases with other inputs fixed,the resulting additions to output will eventually decrease.Chapter 6:Pr