平狄克《微观经济学》(第七版)06.ppt

平狄克《微观经济学》(第七版)06.ppt

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Production6CHAPTERCopyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.Chapter6:

Production2of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.CHAPTER6OUTLINE6.1TheTechnologyofProduction6.2ProductionwithOneVariableInput（Labor）6.3ProductionwithTwoVariableInputs6.4ReturnstoScaleChapter6:

Production3of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.ProductionThetheoryofthefirmdescribeshowafirmmakescost-minimizingproductiondecisionsandhowthefirmsresultingcostvarieswithitsoutput.Theproductiondecisionsoffirmsareanalogoustothepurchasingdecisionsofconsumers,andcanlikewisebeunderstoodinthreesteps:

1.ProductionTechnology2.CostConstraints3.InputChoicesTheProductionDecisionsofaFirmChapter6:

Production4of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.THETECHNOLOGYOFPRODUCTION6.1TheProductionFunctionfactorsofproductionInputsintotheproductionprocess（e.g.,labor,capital,andmaterials）.Rememberthefollowing:

Inputsandoutputsareflows.Equation（6.1）appliestoagiventechnology.Productionfunctionsdescribewhatistechnicallyfeasiblewhenthefirmoperatesefficiently.productionfunctionFunctionshowingthehighestoutputthatafirmcanproduceforeveryspecifiedcombinationofinputs.（6.1）Chapter6:

Production5of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.THETECHNOLOGYOFPRODUCTION6.1TheShortRunversustheLongRunshortrunPeriodoftimeinwhichquantitiesofoneormoreproductionfactorscannotbechanged.fixedinputProductionfactorthatcannotbevaried.longrunAmountoftimeneededtomakeallproductioninputsvariable.Chapter6:

Production6of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.TABLE6.1ProductionwithOneVariableInput010011010101021030152031060203041080202051095191561010818137101121648101121409101081241010100108PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT（LABOR）6.2TotalOutput（q）AmountofLabor（L）AmountofCapital（K）MarginalProduct（q/L）AverageProduct（q/L）Chapter6:

Production7of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT（LABOR）6.2AverageandMarginalProductsaverageproductOutputperunitofaparticularinput.marginalproductAdditionaloutputproducedasaninputisincreasedbyoneunit.Averageproductoflabor=Output/laborinput=q/LMarginalproductoflabor=Changeinoutput/changeinlaborinput=q/LChapter6:

Production8of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT（LABOR）6.2TheSlopesoftheProductCurveThetotalproductcurvein（a）showstheoutputproducedfordifferentamountsoflaborinput.Theaverageandmarginalproductsin（b）canbeobtained（usingthedatainTable6.1）fromthetotalproductcurve.AtpointAin（a）,themarginalproductis20becausethetangenttothetotalproductcurvehasaslopeof20.AtpointBin（a）theaverageproductoflaboris20,whichistheslopeofthelinefromtheorigintoB.TheaverageproductoflaboratpointCin（a）isgivenbytheslopeoftheline0C.ProductionwithOneVariableInputFigure6.1Chapter6:

Production9of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT（LABOR）6.2TheSlopesoftheProductCurveTotheleftofpointEin（b）,themarginalproductisabovetheaverageproductandtheaverageisincreasing;totherightofE,themarginalproductisbelowtheaverageproductandtheaverageisdecreasing.Asaresult,Erepresentsthepointatwhichtheaverageandmarginalproductsareequal,whentheaverageproductreachesitsmaximum.AtD,whentotaloutputismaximized,theslopeofthetangenttothetotalproductcurveis0,asisthemarginalproduct.ProductionwithOneVariableInput（continued）Figure6.1Chapter6:

Production10of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT（LABOR）6.2TheLawofDiminishingMarginalReturnsLaborproductivity（outputperunitoflabor）canincreaseifthereareimprovementsintechnology,eventhoughanygivenproductionprocessexhibitsdiminishingreturnstolabor.AswemovefrompointAoncurveO1toBoncurveO2toConcurveO3overtime,laborproductivityincreases.TheEffectofTechnologicalImprovementFigure6.2lawofdiminishingmarginalreturnsPrinciplethatastheuseofaninputincreaseswithotherinputsfixed,theresultingadditionstooutputwilleventuallydecrease.Chapter6:

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