建筑设计外文翻译文献.docx

1、建筑设计外文翻译文献建筑设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sloping RoofAbstract: This paper point out common mistakes and problems in actual engineering design according immediately poured reinforced concrete sloping roof especially common residential structure.It brings out

2、 layout and design concept use folded plate and arch shell structure in order to reduction or elimination beam and column Layout to reduce costs and expand use function for user of garret . The paper also discussed the need to open the roof holes, windows, and with other design with complex forms .

3、The corresponding simple approximate calculation method and the structure treatment also described in this paper.Keywords : sloping roof;folded plate; along plane load;vertical plane load1. Introduction In recent years, reinforced concrete slope of the roof has been very common seen, the correct met

4、hod of its design need establish urgently Its target is to abolish or reduce the roof beams and columns, to obtain big room and make the roof plate clean . This not only benefits tructure specialty itself but also to the design of the building professionals to develop new field, and ultimately to al

5、low users, property developers benefited,and so it has far-reaching significance.In the common practice engineering practice, a designer in the calculation of the mechanical model often referred sloping roof as vertical sloping roof under the projection plane Beam, or take level ridge, ramps ridge c

6、ontour as a framework and increase unnecessary beam and tilt column . In fact ,the stress is similar between General square planar housing, double slope, multi-slope roof and arch, shell.Ping and oblique ridge are folded plate like “A”, whether layout beams and columns, its ridge line of the deforma

7、tion pattern is different from the framework fundamentally. All these method will make the difference between calculation results and real internal structure force. During the construction process, housing backbone, plate bias department template has complex shapes, multi-angle bars overlap, install

8、ation and casting is very difficult. These projects are common in construction and is a typical superfluous. Some scholars use the elastic shell theory to analyze folded plate roof、internal force and deformation, reveals the vertical loads law of surrounding the base is neither level rise nor the ve

9、rtical displacement which to some extent reflects the humps and shells features .But assume that boundary conditions which is very different from general engineering actual situation and covered the eaves of a vertical cross-settlement and bottom edge under the fundamental characteristics of rally,

10、so it is not for general engineering design .2. Outlines of Methods For most frequently span, the way to cancel the backbone of housing, didnt add axillary often. But in the periphery under the eaves to the framework need established grid-beam or beams over windows. For long rectangular planar multi

11、-room, multi-column, building professionals in a horizontal layout of the partition wall between each pair of columns and the direction set deep into the same thickness width have possession of a gathering of the rafah beam profiles . Pull beam above has a two-slope roof plate affixed sloping beams

12、expect smaller span. For residential, if it has no needs according construction professional, we will be able to achieve within the household no ceiling beams exposed, see figure 1. Similar lattice theory, this approach emphasizes the use of axial force component effect, But is different with the tr

13、uss because its load distribution along the bar not only single but also along the axis of the plate. Generally each plate has force characteristics of folded plate, for bear gravity at the roof, wind, earthquake loads, caused the plate along with the internal force components, each plate is equival

14、ent to strengthen the thin flange beams .Among vertical bearing , it is thin-walled beams anti-edge horizontal component to balance Wang thrust formed by arch shell effect. When plates bear the the vertical component load, each plate is equivalent to a solid edge embedded multilateral bearing plates

15、 .The design feature of this method is establish and perfect the sloping roof of the arch, folded plate system Consciously, at top of the roof, using a minimal level of rafah balance beam ramp at the level of thrust.Its calculation methods can be divided into hand algorithm and computer paper, this

16、paper focus on the hand algorithm.Hand algorithm take the single-slope plate of sloping roof plate as slider , through approximate overall analysis, Simplified boundary conditions of determine plate,solving load effect along level and vertical plane, Internal forces of various linear superposition u

17、nder the condition of assumption of normal straight, testing stability and integrated reinforcement. The method pursuit of operational, use general engineer familiar calculation steps to address more complex issues. This method is suitable for the framework structure, little modifications also apply

18、 to masonry structure or Frame-wall structure. General arch structure have good anti-seismic performance, if designed properly, the sloping roof will also do so. In this paper the pseudo-static is used to analysis earthquake effects.3. Analysis and Design for Along Plane Effect of Loads First regard

19、 to cross profile of figure 1,we analysis equal width rectangular parts of long trapezoidal panels 1、2. as for approximate calculation,it is take plane loads along plane as a constant just like four rectangular plate can be simplified to one-way slab,we take along to long unit width narrow structure

20、 as analysis object ,take hinged arch model shown in figure 2. In Figure 2 the right supports vertical linkage representatives roof beams supporting role, ramps connecting rod on behalf of the board itself thin beam reaction effect which is virtual and approximate equivalent. We would like to calcul

21、ate two anti-bearing.Because the total pressure of physical project through two plate roof beams and transfer to the ends column, So Anti two numerical difference can be seen as two plates bear along with the plane load and roof beams bear the vertical load pressure. Two Anti power link expressions

22、in Various conditions were given as follows, because the model take units width,so the results is line averageload distribution except it has Focus quality in house.They are bouth represent by N , English leftover subscript s, b, represent the plane along the roof panels and vertical role in the roo

23、f beam, g, w, e,represent gravity, air pressure and the level of earthquake separately. d, c, represent distribution of concentrated load or effect separately, In the formula h is thicness of every plate,g is gravitation acceleration, a is roof for the horizontal seismic acceleration value formula,

24、Wk represent the standard value Pressure.m with number footnotes represent every numbered ramp the quality distribution per unit area ,m with english footnotes represent quality of per location.as to two symmetrical slopes, the formula can be more concise.Figure 2a represent situation of vertical gr

25、avity load ,these formulas as follows: Figure 2b represent situation of bear wind load, these formulas as follows: Figure 2c represent situation of role of level earthquake, these formulas as follows: When vertical seismic calculation required by Seismic Design Parameters Its calculate formula gener

26、ally similar as formula 1 to 4 which only need take gravity g as vertical seismic acceleration a. Above formulas apply to right bearings in figure 2 and also to left when exchange data of two plate. As end triangle of Multi-slope roof ,for simplify and approximate calculation need, we assume two lin

27、es distribution load only produced by roof board of several load, effect.now II-II cross-section from figure is took to analysis Long trapezoidal plate twos end triangle, assuming the structure symmetry approximately, take half of structure to establish model (figure 3). Because linked with the end

28、triangular plate-3 plane has great lateral stiffness ,therefore assume the model leftist stronghold along the central component around which can not be shifted direction. Central Plate vertical stiffness small, in general gravity load of roughly symmetric midpoint only next movement happened possibl

29、e, Therefore, the model used parallel two-link connection. Wind loading, and the general role of the earthquake in two slope was roughly antisymmetric,so plate model in the central use fixed hinge bearings which allow rotation and transtlateral force to plate 3near the plate beam. Under plate two tr

30、iangular area is eaves of vertical beams and plates itself along with plane load distribution is function shown in Figure 1 take the variable x as an argument,assume the distance from position of section II to end part is x0s so the slope level length is y0=x0L2/L3,formula 11 to 14 is the value of V

31、ertical triangle of gravity along the x direction arbitrary location of the two load distribution ,where h3is Slitting vertical thickness of plate 3.As wind load and earthquake effect, sketch could use approximate figure 3b、3c and use method of structural mechanics to solve But the process is cumber

32、some and reasonable extent is limited .the wind and earthquake effect is not important compare with the load effect. Moreover, the triangle area is small As approximate calculation, such direct-use rectangular plate slope calculation is more convenient and not obvious waste. The method of solve two load distribution of plate three is same as the solution of Long trapezoidal plate area just make the change of x and y、L2 and L3 in figure 1.The actual profile is part III-III shown in figure 1 Figure 4 is vertical launch plan and bear load portfolio value of roof ramp show